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THE TERROR OF SPRING HEELED JACK...

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'Did you know there are hogs living wild in the sewers, breeding as fast as rats, and rats that grow to the size of dogs, that would tear out your throat and drain your blood if you so much as dared to cross their paths? And tonight I was reading of Spring Heeled Jack – a supernatural being who once caused a spate of hysteria among half the women of London town, tormenting them with his blazing red eyes and his fingers like claws and a mouth that could vomit blue tongues of fire. Imagine being confronted by that! The ugliest of customers! A Murderer. A demon from Hell! Well, that’s what all the headlines said. But never once was that devil caught because of the springs that were fixed to his boots, that gave him the power to fly over walls, after nobbling his victims half out of their wits – and some of them really did go mad, thereafter committed as lunatics.' 

From Elijah's Mermaidby Essie Fox


The VV assures you each word of that extract above is true ... and that she herself near died of fright when accosted last year by Spring Heeled Jack.

It occurred after visiting old friends (a most delightful evening, with apple bobbing and popping nuts, and staring at our reflections in mirrors in the hope of capturing a glimpse of the face of one's future husband - or wife), and when it was time to venture home, rather than hailing a hansom cab, the VV decided to take the air, walking alone through the narrow streets.

Oh, what a foolish decision that was, for with the air so murky and thick, and no moon to give the faintest light, the VV found herself quite lost;  chilled to the very core of her bones when so closely wrapped in that shrouding fog. She could have imagined herself anywhere, even the wilds of Exmoor...and that sudden hot breath upon her cheek that caused every fibre of flesh in her body to prickle and shiver with the dread - why, it might be the Hound of the Baskervilles!



When the VV dared to stop and turn, as the drifts of fog began to part she heaved an enormous sigh of relief, for she saw no rabid beast at her side, only an elegant gentleman attired in a long black evening cloak. But – oh – when he lifted his face and arms, when the cloth of that outer garment was spread, she would swear it was the devil himself come in place of the hell hound Cerberus. Even now she might faint to recall his eyes, two fierce round balls of gleaming fire – and how, when he opened his mouth to laugh a stream of pale blue flames shot out, and so rank and thick with the phosphorous she could hardly gasp a single breath.

And there the terror did not end. His body was clad revealingly, in some sort of tight white oilskin. Upon his head were two black horns. At the end of every finger was a claw of metal, sharp as knives. And then, with the VV about to collapse, with the hands of that demon reaching out and shredding her outer garments to ribbons, when he touched her exposed and trembling flesh, his own felt as clammy and cold as a corpse - at which point she finally found her voice, letting out a piercing scream that, luckily, stunned her assailant a while – just long enough for some residents to hear them and open up their doors. At that point the monster leered once more before jumping at least twenty feet in the air and clearing the railings of a park as if he'd grown two wings to fly - just as if he had springs in the soles of his feet.




You may laugh at such a description now. You may ask if the VV had perhaps been drinking a little too greedily of her friends' delicious Madeira wine. But then, she was not the only soul to witness the terror of Jack that night. 

Attempting to avoid the fiend when he suddenly ran into the road, a coachman almost crashed his cab and later describing the shock he'd had when seeing the fiend's vile features, and the sound of his chilling laughter. In Kensington, Hammersmith ... Ealing too ... several servant girls were traumatised; some wounded and scarred by the touch of his claws, one of them taking to her bed when the horror brought on a delirious fit. Many newspapers carried reports that in Stockwell, Brixton, and Camberwell innocent women had died of fright. The Times - perhaps somewhat tongue in cheek -  posed the question as to whether or not this could be the same ‘Spring Heeled Jack who had found his way to the Sussex coast’  where a gardener in Brighton had described his meeting with the growling fiend before it leapt over a high brick wall – though on closer investigation it transpired it could have been a dog.





Whether Spring Heeled Jack is real or the result of an urban rumour put about by - ahem - unscrupulous types, the tales of his exploits are taking hold on Victorian imaginations. There is quite a mass hysteria. The police are searching everywhere. There are even requests for the Lord Mayor of London to help in ensuring the ghoul's apprehension.

Even so, Jack refuses to fade away. Accounts of his daring exploits are becoming a regular feature in some of the Penny Dreadfuls. Local theatres hold dramatisations, and the character has now appeared in several Punch and Judy shows – with many a naughty boy or girl being warned that the spring-heeled bogeyman might well be sent to peer in through their bedroom windows late at night.

So, remember, as the nights draw in, lock your doors, close your shutters, and draw your drapes. And, if you must walk through gloomy streets beware any gentlemen coming near. Dear ladies, do heed this good advice. Keep your virtue and your wits intact. Avoid the glare of fiery eyes.



HOLY TRINITY CHURCH IN WINDSOR

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The church I describe in my novel The Goddess And The Thief is in fact a real one, situated in the centre of Windsor. 

It was originally founded with a gift of 200 guineas that came from Queen Victoria, after which it was built as a parish church to serve local army garrisons too - although the Ministry of Defence offers the church no funding at all. 


The foundation stone was laid by Prince Albert in 1842, and when entering the church today you will also be greeted by a life-sized marble statue of the prince.


It is said that Albert also designed the very fine painted ceilings - but sadly the structure is now at risk due to a theft that took place on the night of Monday October 25. During this wicked act several sheets of lead were stolen from some of the exterior roofing, during which process the interior has now been placed in danger.


Work to repair the now stripped roofs has been estimated at tens of thousands of pounds, and it seems that this damage was uninsured. The Virtual Victorian is therefore taking the unusual step of linking to a Pay Pal funding page set up by Holy Trinity to try and help to raise these funds, and therefore to save this historic church. 

If you could spare something to help the fund - however small that donation might be - I know that those who care for the church would be incredibly grateful. 

The link to donate is HERE

GEORGE ALBERT SMITH ~ PIONEER OF EARLY FILM IN BRIGHTON ...

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George Albert Smith 
January 4 1864 ~ May 17 1959


Before making his name in the world of film, GA Smith had already been involved in the visual entertainment trade. He performed as a stage hypnotist, a psychic, and a magic lantern lecturer. But his films are what he is remembered for best, particularly the technical expertise that led to him developing successful colourised moving films: a method that he called Kinemacolour.


Following the death of his father, George went to live in Brighton where his mother ran a boarding house. It was there ~ often in the Aquarium ~ that his stage illusionist act began. And perhaps his skill at deceiving the eye was what led Edmund Gurney, Honorary Secretary of the Society for Psychical Research, to be entirely convinced that Smith was a genuine spiritualist and to employ him as his secretary. 


In 1892, Smith leased St Anne's Well Gardens in Hove. There, he then went on to develop the park as a popular seaside pleasure resort, gleefully described by the local press as: 'This delightful retreat ... presided over by the genial Mr G. Albert Smith, is now open ... In the hot weather the refreshing foliage of the wooded retreat is simply perfect, while one can enjoy a cup of Pekoe in the shade'.


The gardens were indeed elaborate, with hot air balloons, and parachute displays, a monkey house, a fortune teller, and a hermit living in a cave - not to mention the magic lantern shows which used clever scenery and lights to create dissolving picture shows, all of which were advertised at the time as being:"High Class Lecture Entertainments with Magnificent Lime-Light Scenery and Beautiful Dioramic Effects."


Many skills learned for this craft went on to be used in moving films - the interest that obsessed Smith after seeing the films of Robert Paul, after which he also joined forces with others in the local Brighton film industry; as well as securing a friendship with the French director, Georges Melies. 


By 1889, having acquired his first moving film camera from the Brighton-based engineer Alfred Darling, and with chemicals bought from James Williamson, a Hove chemist and fellow film pioneer, Smith erected a purpose-built glass house in the grounds of St Anne's Gardens, specifically for making films. Films such as The Kiss in the Tunnel, The Sick Kitten, The House that Jack Built, Grandma's Reading Glass, and As Seen Through a Telescope.



The Sick Kitten ~ click here to see this charming film



Many of his short comedy films (usually no more than a minute in length) starred the local comedian Tom Green, as well as Mr Smith himself, and his wife, Laura Bayley ~ with Laura being an actress who'd worked before in stage pantomimes and also in comic revue shows.




G A Smith and Laura Bayley starring together in A Kiss in the Tunnel
Click here to see the film



However, by 1904 Smith was to leave St Ann's Well Gardens and moved to Southwick in Sussex - the house he called Laboratory Lodge, which is where he was to concentrate on developing his colour film. Films that illustrated this are Woman Draped in Patterned Handkerchiefs, and A Visit to the Seaside - both created in 1908, resulting in Smith being awarded a Silver Medal by the Royal Society of Arts. 
More colour films were made until Smith and his long time partner/financier, Charles Urban were put out of business following a patent suit filed by William Friese-Green. This effectively ended Smith's career - after which he was sometimes said to be seen out on the Brighton seafront peering through his telescope - by then becoming a fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.



A Visit to the Seaside -click hereto view the film



However, he was not entirely forgotten in the world of moving film. In the late 1940's, and well before his death, G A Smith was given the honour of being made a fellow of the British Film Academy. And today you can learn more about his work by visiting the Hove Museum where there is a permanent display dedicated to his genius.

VICTORIA WOODHULL ~ THE FIRST WOMAN TO STAND FOR THE PRESIDENCY...

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Victoria Woodhull 1838-1927

The VV has been musing on the life of Victoria Woodhull – who was (although few have heard of her now) the very first woman who made a bid to stand for the American presidency, as far back as 1872. 

Not that her attempt met with success. At that time women had no legal vote and, on the day of Grant’s re-election his female rival was safely imprisoned on charges of libel and pornography. But, what had preceded such ignominy?
Victoria's was a sensational life.  She was born in Ohio in 1838 and during her early years was part of the family's travelling medicine show. Always having a talent to draw a crowd, the little girl would preach and tell fortunes, even claiming the power to cure all ills while her father – the one-eyed Reuben ‘Buck’ Claflin – stood at the back of his wagon and sold bottles of his opium-based Life Elixir.

Buck Claflin in old age


At the age of fourteen Victoria fell ill, driven to the point of exhaustion after being deliberately starved by Buck as a means of enhancing  her spiritual ‘visions’. She later claimed that her father had sexually abused her when he was drunk, even trying to sell her as a whore. But then, during her convalescence, she was wooed by another shameless fraud: the apparently well-to-do doctor who was known as Canning Woodhull.
Canning, who was then twenty-eight, asked for Victoria’s hand in marriage, which offered the girl a means of escape from her father’s tyrannical grasping ways. But, once again she was misused. Her ‘Doc’ was no more than a worthless quack, an opium addict and womaniser. Unable to support his child bride, he was so drunk at the birth of their son that Victoria very nearly died, and blamed her husband evermore for the boy’s severe mental impairments.
When contemplating returning to Buck, Victoria came to realise that her place in the family ‘enterprise’ had been usurped by her sister, Tennessee. So, with husband and idiot son in tow she made her way to San Francisco ... where she hoped to realise a dream. 

As a small child, Victoria claimed to have had a vision in which the spirit of the Greek orator, Demosthenes, foretold of a glorious destiny in which she would grow up to lead the American people – a position that she was destined to hold in a city of water, and ships, and gold. 

San Francisco seemed to fit the bill, being the scene of the gold rush and also a sea port town. But dreams of success were soon to be crushed. While Canning spent every cent he owned in opium dens and on prostitutes Victoria was left with little choice but to support her family, working as a cigar girl in a bar, as an actress, and probably a whore.
Returning at last to Ohio, rather than joining Buck’s latest venture (running a dubious hospital from which he advertised himself as ‘America’s King of Cancers),along with her sister Tennessee, Victoriaworked as a spiritual healer – though many have since come to suspect that the sisters also provided a somewhat more physical sustenance. 

Colonel James Harvey Blood 

While in such trade Victoria met a certain Colonel James Harvey Blood; a glamorous civil war hero who shared her belief in ‘other realms’ and who also supported her ‘destiny’ as a future ruler of America.  Leaving his respectable life behind, as well as his wife and daughters, he joined Victoria and Tennessee when they set out to make their mark in New York – another city of gold and ships.




At first, times were very hard and the sisters' spiritualist business was bolstered by the selling of contraceptive devices to the prostitutes. Meanwhile, Blood was often absent, spending time with his brother’s newspaper business and learning the tricks of that trade – with the publishing of pamphlets and magazines deemed to be a vital means of spreading the word of Victoria’s aims when she set her cap at the presidency.

Cornelius Vandervilt


Before that, the bad penny Buck Claflin turned up. Having heard that the widowed Cornelius Vanderbilt – then the richest man in America – was seeking the services of mediums, he contrived a means of introducing his daughters to the gentleman. Matters rapidly progressed. Victoria became Vanderbilt’s personal  medium with ’the ‘spirits’ offering financial tips which, in reality, were gleaned from gossiping bankers in brothels. Tennessee became Vanderbilt’s mistress – a natural progression of events after performing her ‘magnetic healing’ and curing the 'old goat's' niggling complaints.

A contemporary newspaper cartoon of Victoria and Tennie as Wall Street traders


Generously rewarded, the sisters caused a public sensation by going on to set themselves up as Wall Street’s very first female brokers - an enterprise that brought further wealth. 

With the aid of Colonel Blood, they then founded a spiritualist newspaper. Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly became their political voice – a voice that reached a great many ears, for the religion of Spiritualism was at that time one with a massive following, and it also offered a platform from which women could express their views. 

Victoria Woodhull addressing the House Judiciary Committee


Holding spectacular salons, Victoria was soon courted by the Women’s Movement who supported her bid for the presidency. She lectured to enormous crowds, usually under the popular banner of universal suffrage and equal rights. She even travelled to Washington where she was to petition the House at a Judiciary Committee in 1871.



It was all going rather well until the plans started to fall apart. With Buck’s criminal antics raked up by the press along with tales of her dubious past, ‘The Woodhull’ was soon being demonised as no less than ‘Mrs Satan’. A crippling series of court cases followed which led to her being sued and imprisoned time and time again. And her outspoken thoughts regarding 'free love' went on to cause yet more offence when it was revealed that she'd had an affair with the press man, Theodore Tilton.

Theodore Tilton

It was a complicated liaison. Tilton's wife had been sexually involved with a popular married clergyman whose name was Henry Ward Beecher. Beecher in turn had sworn to support Victoria's political campaign, but when the man had second thoughts Victoria then sought revenge by exposing his adultery, only to find herself immersed in the ‘Trial of the Century’.  

Beecher was to emerge unscathed, but the Tiltons were socially disgraced, and Victoria had been portrayed as a promiscuous pornographer. Her life and ambitions were ruined – politically, personally, and financially.



It was Vanderbilt who brought some salvation. When the old man died his heirs were keen to hush up the millionaire's immoral past. Victoria and Tennessee were given a generous settlement and with this they travelled to England, settling in London - another city of gold and ships in which they then reinvented themselves. Leaving their lovers and scandals behind, along with all dreams of the presidency, they still attained some degree of success. 

Victoria and John Biddulph Martin - happy and 'respectable' at last


Tenessee married a viscount and was afterwards known as Lady Cook. Victoria married John Biddulph Martin, a bachelor merchant banker and a man of considerable personal wealth. When widowed she was heartbroken, withdrawing to the Martin's country estate. But she  didn't  exactly give up on life! She became a passionate motorist, and founded an agricultural college dedicated to training women. She also funded a village school, and a famous country club – at which even Edward, the Prince of Wales, was said to be a visitor.



The VV wonders how Victoria felt when, at the age of eighty, universal suffrage was finally won – when the 'modern' world had all but forgotten the woman who'd caused a national sensation, after which she was known as the wife of the devil, and all but in exile when she died. 

For herself, she left these poignant words: ‘You cannot understand a man’s work by what he has accomplished, but by what he has overcome in accomplishing it.’

In her own way, and by her own means, Victoria Woodhull achieved a great deal. She was one of those brave Victorians who lived in a time when a woman was seen as no more than a man's possession. She paved the way for equality – though who knows if her ultimate hope will come true, when a woman will stand in the White House as the President of America.


For a related post:THE TRIAL OF THE CENTURY

The VV has hardly scratched the surface of Victoria Woodhull's amazing life. Should any readers wish to investigate further there is a wealth of information on the web. As far as books are concerned, Other Powers by Barabara Goldsmith is an excellent resource which gives a full and well-researched view of  relevant historical events at the time. Mary Gabriel's Notorious Victoria is another fine investigation. And, for younger historians, Kathleen Krull's A Woman for President is a good starting point which has the added bonus of being brought to vibrant life by Jane Dyer's watercolour illustrations. 


THE EARLY YEARS OF MOVING FILM ...

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The VV can only apologise for not posting as often as she should, but what with the publication of a new book at the end of 2016, and since then the excitement of Christmas ~ and the ensuing festive bout of flu ~ things have been a little busy.






One of her favourite Christmas gifts was a book that kept her occupied for many a wintery afternoon. It is called A PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE SILENT SCREEN and was compiled and written by Daniel Blum, an American theatre director who was clearly in love with silent films, amassing a remarkable archive of photographic material.

We may think of  the silents as being screened in the 1920s, but moving films were being made from the late Victorian era on. At the forefront of this technology, at least in America (I have, and shall write more about the vibrant UK film business in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, and for more on this at the present time please see the posts in my sister blog The Eclectic Edwardian), was the businessman, Thomas Edison.

Thomas Edison


Edison was actually of the mind that the moving pictures industry was a flash in the pan that wouldn't last, but he still invested heavily in the production of Kinetoscopes ~ which were cabinets with a peephole that contained long looping reels of film. When a customer put a coin in a slot and turned a handle on the side, they saw - through a shining beam of light ~ the flicker of moving images.



The first kinetoscope was built in East Orange, New Jersey. Unveiled on February 1 1893, it  was called the Black Maria, and the interest shown in it was such that, by 1894, the machines were in commercial use in Kinetoscope Parlors in New York; and soon all across America.





The first film recorded for these machines showed a performer called Fred Ott in the process of having a jolly good sneeze. It's astonishing to see this now ~ with the film so short and seemingly of very little interest. But it marked the start of the film industry, and what a world of visual delights was soon to follow on. Films that showed contortionists, boxers, dancers, and carnival acts ~ and later the charismatic stars who appeared in dramatic narratives, to shimmer across the silver screen.



JAMES BROOKE: OR HOW TO FIND AND RULE YOUR OWN COUNTRY ...

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GUEST POST BY THE AUTHOR, TOM WILLIAMS


James Brooke ~ Portrait by Sir Francis Grant, The National Portrait Gallery.

James Brooke was a child of British colonialism. Born in Benares, India in 1803, his father was the chief of the East India Company’s provincial court. He spent his first 12 years in India, a pampered child in a country where an Englishman could live like a lord. When his parents, apparently finally noticing his lack of education, send him to school in England, it was a rude surprise. He ended up in boarding school at Norwich but ran away after two or three years and moved in with the family of Charles Keegan, a retired Indian civilian and friend of his family, who was living in Bath.


Eventually his father retired from India and he, too, returned to Bath. Reunited with his family, James eventually settled with them, but as soon as he was 16, he returned to India and commissioned into the East India Company's army. He was posted to the 6th Native Infantry and became a Sub-Assistant, Commissary-General. He was not, though, by nature a logistician. In fact he had always wanted to be a cavalry officer and when war broke out with Burma he overheard the general in command complaining they had no light cavalry to act as scouts. Lieutenant Brooke immediately offered to raise a troop and he was allowed to call for volunteers from among the infantry. He formed them into a reasonably efficient irregular cavalry, which operated ahead of the advancing column. It was typical of his character – and, indeed, normal for young officers in those days – that he led from the front and the result was that, early in the campaign, he was wounded and invalided back to Britain. His recovery was slow and it was not until 3½ years after the injury that he was able to leave England to rejoin his regiment. However, his ship was wrecked off the Isle of Wight and, though he survived, his health was again affected. He was forced to apply for six months further leave. By the time he was ready to re-embark, it was winter and bad weather delayed his departure until March 1830. The weather continued stormy or – in the days of sail just as bad – excessively calm and his voyage on the Castle Huntley was very slow. It was not until 18 July that he reach Madras. The maximum amount of leave that he could take was five years and that was up on the 30th. This gave him 12 days to get from Madras to Calcutta which was impossible. Although he looked for temporary employment in Madras so as not to break his contract, this was refused and he resigned from the Company's service.


It seems likely that Brooke was quite happy to leave the Army. Although he had proved an able soldier in action, his was not a personality well-suited to the tedium of administration when there was no actual fighting going on. It seems likely that he could have remained in the Company's service – his father was lobbying with every evidence of success for this to happen – but he probably didn't really want to. Instead, he chose to stay on with the Castle Huntly, exploring the waters of the Eastern Archipelago and calling at the British possessions of Penang, Malacca and Singapore before sailing on to Canton.


That mad-cap voyage, during which the still-young Brooke seems to have spent much of his time simply having fun and getting into scrapes with the local Chinese, proved to be a crucial influence on the way his life was to develop. Back in England he announced that it was his intention to buy a ship and to sail in search of adventure (and profit, of course) in the Far East.


Eventually he managed to persuade his father's put up money and let him buy the Findlay "a rakish slaver-brig, 290 tons burden". In May 1834, he set off to sail to the East and a new life as a merchant-adventurer.


It was a disaster. A brig needed a large crew to run and the venture could never be profitable. Eventually Brooke decided to give up the enterprise and return to England.


That should have been that. Brooke should have learned the lesson of his youthful escapades and settled down to responsible employment. But he seemed incapable of settling down to anything. His father's pension meant that there was no urgency in finding alternative employment and he remained in England doing nothing in particular. Not that long after his return, though, his father died, leaving him with enough money to relaunch his idea of voyaging in the Far East.


This time he bought a schooner, the Royalist, which was much better suited to the sort of business he had planned. After a proving voyage in the Mediterranean, he set off again in December 1838.


Brooke’s head was filled with romantic notions and trade was a secondary consideration for him. He had decided that the power of the Dutch was in decline and that now was the time to expand British influence in the area and that he was the man for the job. His goal was Borneo, which he considered ripe for improving trade with Britain. His initial plan was to start his adventures at Marudu Bay in the north of the island. When he arrived in Singapore, though, the political buzz was all about Muda Hassim, the Bendahara of Brunei. Essentially' a Bendahara runs the place, though he is nominally responsible to the Sultan. However, the legitimacy of the Sultan lies with the bendahara. If you think of Muda Hassim as the Sultan of Brunei, you will be hopelessly wrong in terms of the formalities of the Brunei court, but you’ll have a fair handle on the realities of the situation.


A few months before Brooke's arrival in Singapore a British brig called the Napoleon had been wrecked in Borneo. Muda Hassim had treated the crew with every courtesy, fed and clothed them at his own expense, and arranged for their safe return to Singapore.


Brooke was not a man to set out a plan and stick to it, but rather somebody always more than willing to take advantage of any change in his circumstances to strike out in a new direction. He decided to seize this opportunity to develop a relationship with Hassim. On 27 July 1839, the Royalist slipped quietly away from Singapore and headed to Borneo.


The politics of Borneo in the mid-19th century were Byzantine. Power was held by Malays. The indigenous people – the Dyaks – were relatively powerless. When Brooke arrived in Sarawak, Hassim was occupied in putting down a rising, of Dyaks, who were supported by a faction within the Malay community – the Siniawan Malays. In fact, they were almost certainly supported by elements within the Malay court who were trying to reduce Hassim’s power. By now the uprising had been going on for four years. Hassim had been in Sarawak for months and nothing seemed to have changed since he moved his court there.


Hassim saw Brooke’s arrival as providential. Although there were only 28 men on board the Royalist, Hassim looked at her six cannon and the White Ensign hanging at her mast and saw her as a symbol of British power. If he could get Brooke involved in the war, he thought he could finally bring things to a conclusion and return to the seat of power in Brunei.


For while, Brooke refused to be drawn in. In fact, he returned to Singapore and made various other short expeditions before coming back to Sarawak in August 1840. By now, the Dyaks had been defeated and mostly come over to Hassim. However, the Siniawan Malays were holding out. Hassim again asked Brooke for assistance. Here is Brooke’s own account of his attitude to intervening in what was, effectively, a civil war in Borneo.


I may here state my motives for being a spectator at all, or participator (as may turn out), in this scene. In the first place, I must confess that curiosity strongly prompted me; since to witness the Malays, Chinese [yes, there were Chinese too, immigrants who essentially monopolised trade], and Dayaks in warfare was so new, but the novelty alone might plead an excuse for this desire. But it was not the only motive; for my presence is a stimulus to our own party, and will probably depress the other in proportion. I look upon the cause of the Raja [Hassim] as most just and righteous; and the speedy close of the war will be rendering a service to humanity, especially if brought about by treaty.


Brooke was already clearly far from a mere spectator. He provided advice and encouragement to Hassim. He was there as Hassim’s forces pushed the rebels back to their main position at a town called Belidah. He encouraged Hassim to attack, but "my proposal to attack the adversary was immediately treated as an extreme of rashness amounting to insanity.” The Malays preferred an approach where a chain of fortified positions was constructed, moving closer and closer to Balidah without any open assault. Brooke's frustration grew he saw this "protracted" warfare as "extremely barbarous". Trade and agriculture were both disrupted and there seemed no prospect of peace. Finally, in October, he sent for two of his six-pounder guns and some of his men to be despatched from the Royalist to Balidah. By 31 October the guns were up and the rebel defences were breached. Still, though, the Malays refused to storm the place. On 3 November Brooke left them in despair. His diary tells what happened next:


I explained to [Hassim] how useless it was my remaining and intimated to him my intention of departing; but his deep regret was so visible, that even all the self-command of the native could not disguise it. He begged, he entreated me to stay, and offered me the country of Siniawan and Sarawak, and its government and trade, if I would only stop, and not desert him.


Brooke did not immediately accept this offer, but did continue to support Hassim’s efforts in the war, in which the men of the Royalist were soon to prove decisive.


With the end of the war, Brooke suggested that Hassim might like to follow through on his promise to give him the rule of Sarawak. The fighting over, though, Hassim was not so sure. On the one hand, he wanted to retain Brooke's support, possibly as offering some sort of protection against Dutch expansionism and certainly to bolster his own position in the intrigues between himself and other powerful Malay factions. On the other hand, he was concerned that he should not be seen as yielding territory that technically belonged to the Sultan, or as suggesting that traditional Malay laws could be set aside in favour of an Englishman. Negotiations extended for almost a year, during which factions in the Malay camp tried to poison Brooke. Eventually, though, Hassim agreed, drawing up and signing a document giving Brooke the government of Sarawak. On 24 November, 1841 he was ceremoniously declared Rajah.




Becoming the ruler of Sarawak turned out to be the easy part. To find out the challenges Brooke faced and how he overcame them, read the second part of this post HERE on Tom William's blog: The White Rajah.



Tom Williams has written several historical novels. The White Rajahis based on the exploits of James Brooke

HOW DO I LOVE THEE? LET ME COUNT THE WAYS...

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Portraits of Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning 
by Thomas Read



The VV's early childhood was often spent in front of a television set watching old black-and-white classic films. The Barretts of Wimpole Street (MGM, 1934) told the romantic storyof the invalid Elizabeth Barrett who was wooed by Robert Browning when he fell in love with her poetry.

Fredric March was Robert Browning. Norma Shearer played Elizabeth


Or could the VV's memories be confused with the English version made in 1957, when the glamorous young Jennifer Jones played the part of our fragile heroine ~ but with little concession to the fact that Elizabeth was forty years old at the time of her marriage to Mr Browning.




Nevertheless, much of the film was based on real facts ~ facts which provided a story full of Victorian melodrama, with Elizabeth's possessive father being utterly opposed to the thought of her ever leaving home. 



Eventually, she ran away and married Browning in secrecy. They lived in Italy for 15 years, and there Elizabeth had a son. However, her health was in decline and in 1861 - the same year as Queen Victoria was to lose her beloved Albert - she died while held in her husband's arms.



But, their passion lives on through their writing, for during a courtship of 20 months the couple wrote nearly 600 letters, in which Browning's passion was clear from the start ~ as you'll see in the fan letter below. Nothing short of a declaration of love ...


January 10th, 1845
New Cross, Hatcham, Surrey

I love your verses with all my heart, dear Miss Barrett,--and this is no off-hand complimentary letter that I shall write,--whatever else, no prompt matter-of-course recognition of your genius and there a graceful and natural end of the thing: since the day last week when I first read your poems, I quite laugh to remember how I have been turning again in my mind what I should be able to tell you of their effect upon me--for in the first flush of delight I thought I would this once get out of my habit of purely passive enjoyment, when I do really enjoy, and thoroughly justify my admiration--perhaps even, as a loyal fellow-craftsman should, try and find fault and do you some little good to be proud of herafter!--but nothing comes of it all--so into me has it gone, and part of me has it become, this great living poetry of yours, not a flower of which but took root and grew... oh, how different that is from lying to be dried and pressed flat and prized highly and put in a book with a proper account at bottom, and shut up and put away... and the book called a 'Flora', besides! After all, I need not give up the thought of doing that, too, in time; because even now, talking with whoever is worthy, I can give reason for my faith in one and another excellence, the fresh strange music, the affluent language, the exquisite pathos and true new brave thought--but in this addressing myself to you, your own self, and for the first time, my feeling rises altogether. I do, as I say, love these Books with all my heart-- and I love you too: do you know I was once seeing you? Mr. Kenyon said to me one morning "would you like to see Miss Barrett?"--then he went to announce me,--then he returned... you were too unwell -- and now it is years ago--and I feel as at some untoward passage in my travels--as if I had been close, so close, to some world's-wonder in chapel on crypt,... only a screen to push and I might have entered -- but there was some slight... so it now seems... slight and just-sufficient bar to admission, and the half-opened door shut, and I went home my thousands of miles, and the sight was never to be!

Well, these Poems were to be--and this true thankful joy and pride with which I feel myself. Yours ever faithfully Robert Browning



Elizabeth wasted little time in expressing her own affection for him. Below is her 43rd Sonnet, which was later published in a book entitled Sonnets from the Portuguese ...


How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
I love thee to the depth and breadth and height
My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight
For the ends of Being and ideal Grace.

I love thee to the level of everyday's
Most quiet need, by sun and candlelight.
I love thee freely, as men strive for Right;
I love thee purely, as they turn from Praise.

I love thee with the passion put to use
In my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.
I love thee with a love I seemed to lose
With my lost saints, I love thee with the breath,
Smiles, tears, of all my life! and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.


RIDDLE OF A CURIOUS LOVE LETTER ...

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This letter is held by the American Library of Congress - from 'An American Time Capsule: Three Centuries of Broadsides and Other Printed Ephemera'.

Dating from the 1850's - whether the original was genuine or contrived - it is a most delightful find. Do read the explanation at the bottom of the transcription to fully understand the message that was being conveyed.


MADAM,

The great love and tenderness I have hitherto expressed for you 
is false, and I now feel that my indifference towards you 
increases proportionably every day, and the more I see you 
the more I appear ridiculous, and an object of contempt, and
the more I feel disposed, inclined, and finally determined, to 
hate you. Believe me I never had the least inclination to 
offer you my hand and heart. Our last conversation has 
I assure you, left a wretched insipidity, which has be no means
possessed me with the most exalted opinion of your character. 
Yes, madam, and you will much oblige me by avoiding me. 
And if ever we are united, I shall experience nothing but the 
fearful hatred of my parents, added to an everlasting dis
pleasure of living with you. Yes, madam, I think sincerely. 
You need not put yourself to the smallest trouble or send or 
write me an answer ------ Adieu. And believe that I am 
so averse to you that it is really impossible I should ever be,
                        Madam,
                                 Your affectionate lover till death.
                                                                              W. GOFF





EXPLANATION.

There are two ways of reading it; the father compelled his daughter to show him all letters sent to her - the unsuspecting father reads straight forward, but the daughter having the clue, reads the first, third and fifth lines, and so on. Then the contrast will be discovered. 



WILL YOU KEEP YOUR KISSES FOR ME?

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For many centuries Valentine's Day was celebrated as a time when tokens of love could be exchanged. But, the tradition became truly popular during the Victorian era when, due to improvements in printing techniques, and the introduction of a postal service, commercially printed cards were sent instead of hand-written sheets of verse. Some of these cards were very elaborate with paper embossed and cut like lace ~ with decorative items like mirrors and feathers ~ and sometimes even strands of the hair plucked from the head of the sender.

As well as being romantic, many cards had a humorous bent as well. Some could even be cruelly malicious, so much so that in the 1850's the New York Times was to publish the following editorial -

Our beaux and belles are satisfied with a few miserable lines, neatly written upon fine paper, or else they purchase a printed Valentine with verses ready made, some of which are costly, and many of which are cheap and indecent. In any case, whether decent or indecent, they only please the silly and give the vicious an opportunity to develop their propensities, and place them, anonymously, before the comparatively virtuous. The custom with us has no useful feature, and the sooner it is abolished the better.

Such words of advice were all in vain, as depicted by this 1900 film that the British Film Institute digitised: The Old Maid's Valentine ...





But, back in the 1850's, one particularly attractive young lady by the name of Catherine Worsley (the daughter of Sir William Worsley of Hovingham in England), was more than happy to receive billet doux from hopeful lovers.  

Catherine saved a great many tokens of love of which 22 illustrated letters, some poems, sonnets and stories, and sketches with scenes of marital bliss, are all still preserved to view today at the North Yorkshire County Records office.




One of her ardent admirers wrote: 'I'll gratify your slightest wish, whether t'were small or great, say the word at once you're heard, my pretty, pretty Kate.' 

Another said: 'I'm ugly I know, but I'll presently show, that I really am not to be sneezed at.' 

But the one who received Catherine's heart in return was her cousin, George Allanson Cayley, who married his love in 1859 after urging that she should, 'keep your kisses all for me.'






Catherine Worsley's valentines were unearthed by Katie Robinson, a Record Assistant at the North Yorkshire County Office who'd been carrying out some research for the BBC TV programme, Who Do You Think You Are?


VICTORIAN CHILDREN'S STORY BOOK ~ THE BUTTERFLY'S AT HOME

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The VV has recently been helping to sort through the home of an elderly relative who has sadly had to move into a residential nursing home. 

The house was full of books, some of which are very old indeed, including this children's story book ~ The Butterfly's At home.

Published by F. W. Warne, written by Mabel, and illustrated by George Lambert (some images appear to be varnished) the book has now lost its outer spine, and inside it lacks the literary charm or beauty of Beatrix Potter's work - which was also published by F. W. Warne. But it is very prettily reproduced as the following photographs will show ...


There is no year of publication printed in the book, but the dedication 'Violet, from Mim'is dated as Christmas 1881.




More Victorian treasures will follow ...

HEE SING AT THE GREAT EXHIBITION...

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The opening of the Great Exhibition by Henry Courtney Selous 1851-2


The Victorians very often commissioned paintings of major historical events, which were then produced as commemorative prints and sold in enormous numbers. One such example is the painting  above which illustrates the opening of the Great Exhibition on May 1st 1851.

Hee Sing



What the VV really likes about this depiction of an event steeped in royal pomp and ceremony is the ‘other story’ it contains. A story about just one of the 25,000 invited guests, and yet he was not a guest at all, despite being shown in the painting dressed in his ceremonial Chinese robes.


Hee Sing follows the Queen


His name, so it later transpired, was Hee Sing, and his presence that day was not questioned at all, even though there had been no official invitation to Chinese delegates. However, so the story goes, this noble-looking gentleman simply ‘happened’ upon the occasion, having recently arrived in a Chinese junk that had docked in London; a ship which was moored on the River Thames and could be visited by anyone who had a shilling to spare. During this time, when Hee Singh heard the news of the Exhibition, he decied to go and take a look while decked out in his very finest clothes - which then led other dignitaries there to assume him a man of importance. 


Hee Sing mingles with the guests


Lyon Playfair, a Scottish scientist and Liberal politician wrote –‘a Chinaman dressed in magnificent robes, suddenly emerged from the crowd and prostrated himself before the throne. Who he was nobody knew. He might possibly be the Emperor of China himself who had come secretly to the ceremony.’

Later Playfair observed Hee Sing standing between the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Duke of Wellington and –‘In this dignified position he marched through the building, to the delight and amazement of all beholders.’

That delight was also noted by the Illustrated London News. One of its reporters wrote –‘We must also remember the droll Chinese Mandarin amongst the Foreign Ambassadors and Ministers, who swayed along from side to side, those before and those behind him leaving a pretty full berth for his comical progress.’

However comical he looked, the VV would like to imagine that Hee Sing had the last laugh himself, not only visiting The Great Exhibition, but revered as one of the great and the good. What you might call gate-crashing a party in style.

THE RISE AND FALL OF TOY THEATRE...

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A WONDERFUL GUEST POST BY GARRETT EPPS which first appeared in CRAFTSMANSHIP MAGAZINE's Winter Issue 2016. 


 

A writer discovers the living remains of miniature theatrical productions, which served as the PR campaigns of the day in 19th Century England.


One day in late winter 1884, the author Robert Louis Stevenson entered a grimy print shop near London’s Finsbury Square. The shop’s owner, W.G. Webb, had stayed up late the past few nights making notes for his famous friend, a longtime customer, about the curious world of the English “toy theatre”—a popular art form (now all but vanished) that replicated the dramas of the day in miniature. 

Stevenson was at work on an essay about that world for The Magazine of Art. Webb was a prolific toy theatre producer at the time, and his name was almost synonymous with what was called “Juvenile Drama.” 

Years later, Webb’s grandson recalled the scene that followed. “Here, Mr. Stevenson,” Webb asked, “where do I come in in this?”

“You don’t come in at all,” Stevenson replied. “I come in.”

“This won’t do,” old Mr. Webb answered. “I’ve helped you in this history. Without my help it would not be written. I have given you the information and besides you are using my pictures for the illustrations.” 

“There was a fearful row in the shop,” the younger Webb wrote, and before the shouting was over, the elder man had torn his notes to bits under Stevenson’s nose.

On his way out the door, the nettled author shook a finger. “This is going to cost you something, Mr. Webb,” he said. “This is going to cost you a great deal.”

Later that spring, Stevenson published his essay on toy theatre (“A Penny Plain and Twopence Coloured”), making no mention of Webb but instead praising his chief rival, Benjamin Pollock. In his essay Stevenson included the address of Pollock’s shop in nearby Hoxton, and concluded, “If you love art, folly, or the bright eyes of children, speed to Pollock’s...”




Webb’s print shop is long gone; but, more than a century after Stevenson’s essay, the name of Pollock lives. Pollock’s today, in fact, is split like Gaul into three parts connected only by the name and the history. Pollock’s Toy Museum, on Scala Street in London’s Bloomsbury, welcomes 10-12,000 visitors a year to an exhibit of rare old toys and a shop that sells toy theatres and plays; a mile to the south, in the bustling Covent Garden Market, Benjamin Pollock’s Toyshop does a brisk business in nostalgic toys and reissued toy theatre paraphernalia; finally, there is Pollock’s Toy Museum Trust, which has no physical location but labors to keep the lore and tradition of toy theatre alive.

To contemporary eyes, the English toy theatre might seem to offer only a kind of surreal nostalgia. The tiny actors, arms spread in comically theatrical attitudes on elaborate sets, seem to squint at us from a timeless dream world, like the caterpillar in Alice in Wonderland. But those little figures once felt very much alive—they are drawings of real actors familiar to every theatre- goer in Victorian England. What’s left of them offers small glimpses of history—ones not available anywhere else—of the stagecraft and personalities of the 19th Century British stage. “The toy theatre is much more than just a toy,” the famed British actor Peter Baldwin wrote in 1992. “The spirit of early nineteenth century theatre can only be recaptured by the scene and character sheets of the English Juvenile drama.”

A toy theatre was, as we will see, a tiny but complex structure—as intricate and lovingly assembled, in its way, as model railroads can be for today’s hobbyists. In its prime, it was not a nostalgic hobby but a breathless bulletin from the newly emerging world of mass communications and global celebrities—a chance for ordinary people to touch their heroes in person.



As the Industrial Revolution gathered speed in the early 19th Century, masses of former country folk emigrated from the countryside into English cities. They often sought escape, even if only temporarily, from the harsh conditions of factory labor and tenement life. The popularity of gin was one result, but the theatre offered a healthier respite. Plays became mass spectacles akin to contemporary Broadway shows like The Lion King or Spider-Man. The demand for “cheap seats” was rapacious; when the Covert Garden in 1809 raised ticket prices, playgoers rioted inside the theatre, night after night, for three months—until the disorder compelled the owners to apologize and reduce them. Meanwhile, theatres grew. By mid-century, for example, Drury Lane seated 3,000; the Sadler’s Wells featured a tank in front of the stage where the producers staged mock naval battles.

Theatrical publishers—shops with names like West, Jameson, and Hodgson— dispatched multiple artists to the opening each new production. One artist would hastily sketch the actors, mimicking their theatrical poses; another would draw the scenery, producing backdrops and wings. A writer hastily annotated the script to show where and how action occurred. The team turned over their drawings to the printer, who prepared sheets depicting the actors and scenery and a tiny booklet of script.

The rendering of the scenery and actors is antique but far from crude; among the art workers who grubbed out a living in the trade were the youthful poet and artist William Blake and George Cruikshank, later a famed caricaturist and illustrator of Dickens. Once drawn, the sheets were printed through a combination of etching, engraving, and lithograph. These were sold by the sheet (as Stevenson noted) either in black and white (to be hand-painted by the buyer) or (for double the price) already colored. Children bought them to use as toys, but adults also treasured them as souvenirs of their favorite actors and beloved performances.

A toy theatre was quite small—the stages were about 6 1⁄2 inches wide, roughly the width of a 1950s-era black-and-white TV screen. The tiny actors were sold on individual papers sheets somewhere around 9 1⁄2” x” 7 1/2”—each sheet containing as many as four “actors,” who might be different characters or simply the same actor in a different theatrical pose: defiance, devotion, or despair, as different moments in the script demanded. Each “actor” was cut out, pasted onto a card, and fastened to special wire slides that would allow the “performer” to slide them on and offstage through grooves in the wooden base. Convention called for the performer to wiggle the “actor” back and forth as he (or a friend) uttered the lines, varying his or her voice as different characters required. Tiny oil lamps provided authentic theatrical lighting.

A typical theatre—such as “Pollock’s Regency,” which is sold now in a large booklet along with scenes, script, and “actors” for “Sleeping Beauty”—included a colorful proscenium, complete with a painted orchestra beneath the stage; a paper curtain; a stage floor, wings, and a back wall. An individual play will offer one or two scene backdrops, to be slipped in against the back wall.
Over the years the scripts became somewhat abbreviated versions of the actual play. In “Blackbeard the Pirate,” for example, the dialogue occupies about three pages. Prince Abdallah and the British Navy rescue the fair princess Ismene from the vile lusts of the pirate chief; “Foolish woman!” the pirate boasts. “You are the Princess of a puny kingdom, but I, I am the uncrowned Emperor of the Seven Seas!” Replies the haughty beauty, “I care nothing for your threats and do not boast too soon, proud pirate.” The manly British tars , dressed in flat hats and striped jerseys, put Blackbeard to flight singing “Huzza for the Red, White and Blue!”

Some plays are more elaborate—one, called “Jack Sheppard,” contains 64 pages of script. Another favorite was “The Miller and His Men,” based on an 1813 production at the Covent Garden; the young Winston Churchill treasured this classic because it ended with the explosion of a tiny wad of gunpowder (which sometimes set fire to the entire theatre, though usually with no loss of full-sized human life).

Presenting the plays to an actual audience, however, was not really the aim for many of Webb’s and Pollock’s customers. “Yes, there was pleasure in the painting.” Stevenson wrote in his essay on toy theatre. But when all was painted, it is needless to deny it, all was spoiled. You might, indeed, set up a scene or two to look at; but to cut the figures out was simply sacrilege; nor could any child twice court the tedium, the worry, and the long-drawn disenchantment of an actual performance...”
Instead, the charm of toy theatre for many was simply the chance to be connected to a real play, and a real cast, and to the glamorous rococo world that was the Victorian stage.

Like that theatre itself, toy theatre’s great days were winding down by 1870. By 1884, only Webb and Pollock, friendly rivals, remained in the business, and Stevenson’s essay warned of the art form’s imminent disappearance. Benjamin Pollock, however, kept his shop afloat until his death at 80 in 1936. A few years later, the family sold their shop and stock to an Irish bookseller named Alan Keen. (Among his other schemes, Keen convinced film producer J. Arthur Rank to commission a toy theatre of Laurence Olivier’s 1948 famous film of “Hamlet,” complete with five changes of scene and two plates of characters printed in color.)

The film of Olivier’s Hamlet is a classic, but the toy Olivier theatre was a flop. Hamstrung by debt, Keen ceased operations after the war. Then, in the mid 1950s, a flamboyant BBC journalist named Marguerite Fawdry contacted Pollock’s receiver. Her son played with toy theatre, and she wanted to buy a few of the special wire slides needed to bring the tiny characters alive. According to her 1995 obituary in The Independent, the accountant responded, “I believe there are hundreds of thousands in the warehouse, madam, but there’s no one who could look them out for you. Of course, you could, I suppose, buy the whole lot if you wanted them.”

Fawdry was, by all accounts, a magnetic personality. She attracted children still fascinated by the tiny actors and scenes and recruited them as helpers. Among these protégées was Louise Heard, who now manages the Toyshop in Covent Garden. The store sells copies of original Victorian theatres and plays, and also produces and sells entire new theatre sets, including a moody 2014 evocation of Hans Christian Andersen’s “The Snow Queen” by noted illustrator Kate Baylay.

Fawdry’s grandson Eddie, a photographer, still owns and operates the Toy Museum, which maintains a stock of dozens of toy theatres, including some not available elsewhere that can be printed only on demand. Not long before her death in 1945, Fawdry also established the Pollock’s Toy Museum Trust, which keeps alive the lore of the toy theatre through web sales, library and museum exhibitions, and publications.

Alan Powers, chair of the Trust, was another child protégée of Fawdry’s. A distinguished architectural historian, he is an impresario as well. On a recent August Sunday, he gathered fifty enthusiasts for a production of “The Waterman,” a romantic drama depicting an annual boat race on the Thames. Powers deployed his own personal theatre for the production, complete with electric footlights, and gave voice to the cutout of Tom Tug, the dashing boatman. The performance took place at the Art Workers Guild in Bloomsbury, which traces its origins to 1884; one past Master was the noted artisan and radical thinker William Morris.

The 50 adults were rapt as the cast stamped their feet to simulate the sound of movement; all stood when the performance ended with a chorus of “Rule Britannia.”

The lone small boy present drifted away from the performance, however; he found more excitement in leading his faithful dog back and forth across the front of the hall with the false promise of a lick at the ice cream in his hand.





Garrett Epps is professor of Law at the University of Baltimore and Supreme Court correspondent for The Atlantic’s online magazine. He is the author of two novels and five books of non- fiction, including “American Epic: Reading the U.S. Constitution.”

MILLAIS' MUSE ~ ESSAY BY KEVIN HILL

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The VV first saw this essay published in the Pre-Raphaelite Society membership magazine. Now, she is delighted to publish Kevin Hill's article here as well. 





I returned on a grey January morning, having made a desultory search some eighteen months earlier. Then, I'd had no idea where to look and, predictably, failed. This time though, I had a scrap of paper with some rough co-ordinates and, surprisingly quickly, I found it ...

SOPHIE M CAIRD BORN OCTOBER 28TH 1843
DIED MARCH 15TH 1882 AND HER ONLY CHILD
BEATRIX ADA BORN MAY 15TH 1874
DIED MAY 7TH 1888.

The headstone of polished granite, bare but for the above inscription. In fact, not a true inscription but stick on letters, like those used to personalise birthday cards. The numbers and letters on the bottom line lost, leaving a ghostly trace.

Brompton Cemetery is one of those Victorian Valhallas which grace most of our cities. Here one can trace the tastes and pretentions of that epoch. The Gothic, the dabble with Egyptian, the Celtic, Arts and Crafts, and everywhere angels - beautiful and graceful as if they had stepped from a Morris and Co. window. In places the graves are so close that one imagines the thinnest membrane of earth between each cell.

In all this pomp and panegyric Sophie Caird's headstone seems austere, not to say terse. No mention of the grieving husband, though there should have been one. And Beatrix, her 'only child', the taint of failure as well as tragedy, especially as the only child was 'only' a girl.

Sophie Caird, born Sophie Gray, was the sister in law of Sir John Everett Millais and, however briefly, his muse. Here she lies beneath the grinding jets, beside the Central Line and Chelsea F.C. - odd bedfellows for eternity.

In January 1854 Sophie visited Millais at his Gower Street studio. She was accompanied by her sister Effie's first husband, John Ruskin. Millais made a watercolour of the 10 year old. He wrote to Effie, declaring Sophie to be 'a delightful shrewd little damsel'. He was impressed by her determination to remain still whilst posing for him. He added, 'I think her extremely beautiful'. The resulting portrait shows an alert, intelligent child, her hair carefully coifed in heavy ringlets. Ruskin was 'delighted' with the likeness.


This was in the midst of that much documented bust up - the Ruskin divorce. Sophie had just spent a less than happy Christmas with Ruskin and her sister in Durham. Just three months later Effie was to flee her husband falling, ultimately, into the arms of Millais. Most commentators agree that Sophie was involved in the shenanigans far more than was appropriate for her years. The description 'Go Between' is often applied. One also thinks of 'What Maisie Knew' - the child as dumb witness. What effect all of this had on Sophie is impossible to say, but surely some seeds, at least, of Sophie's later problems were sown at this time.


Following their marriage in July 1855 Millais and Effie moved into Annat Lodge near Perth, 'a typical old house with a cedared garden', close to the Gray family home at Bowerswell. When the dust had settled and guests had left Millais turned his mind to work. We are lucky to have Effie's account of the subsequent painting's evolution. On the 20th October, after a couple of false starts, he began painting Sophie's head on the canvas that was to become 'Autumn Leaves'. Millais had said he wanted to paint a picture 'full of beauty and without subject'. 


Sophie and her sister would have been handy (and cheap) as models, and after scouring the neighbourhood Effie was also able to rope in two local children to pose. Effie tells us that her sisters wore dresses of 'green Linsey Wolsey' - a thick woollen fabric and 'stout walking boots'. It was common for middle class sisters to wear matching clothing, showing that their parents were wealthy enough to avoid resorting to hand-me -downs. There is a photograph of the Gray clan and Millais taken earlier that summer showing Sophie and Alice in flouncy, matching dresses.

In 'Autumn Leaves' the four girls are posed in a beautifully depicted twilit garden, Sophie taking leaves from a basket held by her sister, and languidly depositing them onto a smouldering pile. Sophie and Alice are the only children to look out of the canvas, but not quite at the viewer. Their gaze, almost trance-like, is directed just to the viewers right.The effect is solemn and mystical. In recent years digital colour reproduction has made huge advances. It is tempting to avoid the expense and hassle of 'blockbuster' exhibitions and just buy the catalogue instead. But, 'Autumn Leaves' is so subtle and elusive that it almost defies reproduction. In some books it is a murky mess, more midnight than twilight. Details, such as the stripes on the sisters` dresses and the shadowy figure on the left (generally interpreted as reaping or mowing, but surely in early November more likely to be raking?) are often completely lost. In others the colours are too bright and lurid. This painting needs to be seen in the original to be properly appreciated.

The work is numinous and lyrical, a meditation on the passing of beauty and the inevitability of death. Most Victorian figurative painting can be read like a book, but 'Autumn Leaves' is not prose, it is poetry. At the age of 26, the newly married Millais had created a masterpiece. The artist had 'introduced the impassively beautiful female face that became the chief icon of aestheticism'.

Sophie was 12 when the painting was started and 13 when it was finished. One wonders if she had a day off for her birthday. Millais must have been a bright star in her life. Dazzlingly talented, handsome and personable - a veritable knight in shining armour who had saved her sister from a miserable marriage.

'Autumn Leaves' was displayed at the Royal Academy exhibition in the spring of 1856. The reviews were mixed but Ruskin, for one, was eulogistic. On the 3rd May Millais wrote to Effie informing her that he was off to the Royal Academy 'to make a sketch of the heads of Autumn Leaves for the Illustrated London News'. Another artist was to make a copy of the rest of the painting, the whole then being wood engraved for final reproduction.

There must have been great excitement at Bowerswell on Saturday 30th August when the resulting full page image appeared in the magazine. It is difficult to over estimate the cultural importance of the Illustrated London News in mid-Victorian Britain. Begun in 1842 it became 'the most phenomenally successful newspaper of its time' and Millais was a regular reader. Even now, the quality and quantity of illustrations is impressive. At the time, in a relatively image-starved world, it would have seemed miraculous.

The crepuscular light and subtle detail of 'Autumn Leaves' would not have been easy to replicate in an engraving . The reaper now becomes lost behind a plume of smoke, presumably to save time, and the leaves have lost detail.


But, it is Millais' treatment of the heads which is most interesting. Now, Sophie and Alice stare emphatically at the viewer, and all four girls look as if they have had 'lip jobs'. Millais has prettified them, possibly in an attempt to make the painting more palatable to the I.L.N. readership. This would have been heady stuff for a provincial 13 year old girl. Although the painting was exhibited four more times in Sophie's lifetime, she probably never saw the original again. 


Sophie is recognisable in one of Millais' works of the following winter, 'The Heretic'. This was an attempt to repeat the success of 'The Heugenot'. Millais found it hard to render Sophie's contorted features, and the resulting painting is melodramatic and had not aged well. Posing for this must have been hard work for Sophie.


Sometime over the following summer and autumn she modelled for Millais once more in response to a commission from the artists Joanna Boyce and George Pryce Boyce. He was to produce two small portraits, one of Sophie, and one of her sister Alice. The one of Alice is charming enough but the portrait of Sophie is astonishing. After the labours of 'The Heretic', here the relationship between artist and sitter is relaxed, not to say intimate. Sophie, her head tilted slightly upwards, gazes out past the viewer as if steadfastly contemplating eternity. Again, the original deserves inspection, the quality of painting in the hair and the shadowing on the throat is remarkable. No wonder Millais reported to Joanna Boyce that the portraits were 'as good as I can turn out'. 

Millais was to go on and paint Marchionesses, Duchesses and Countesses but none are a patch on this little portrait of Sophie. According to Mary Lutyens a story ran in the Gray family that he and Sophie became 'too fond of each other'. At the least, this painting shows a deep rapport between artist and sitter. Sophie 'seemed to inspire [Millais] to create fleeting works of loveliness and subtlety'. The summer of 1857 was the year of the Indian Mutiny, the trial of Madeleine Smith and the presentation of the first V.C`S. Yet, this painting`s freshness and immediacy, suggest it could have been painted yesterday.



Sophie was also to model once more - she is the figure on the left in the bevvy of maidens strewn across the grass in 'Spring'. This is in effect a companion picture to 'Autumn Leaves' but the imagery less subtle.

Millais was now based in London. His star was in the ascendant. Sophie's was to burn out much too soon. The harrowing details of her mental illness (first documented in 1868), along with her unhappy marriage and eventual death from anorexia are outlined in Susan Fagance Cooper`s excellent book, Effie. She was evidently a good companion and a talented musician. The birth of her daughter, Beatrix, suggests that for a while, at least, her illness was under control.

Millais was to complete one last portrait of Sophie in 1880, two years before she died. Here the head is slightly lowered, the face pinched the hair greying, her fingers nervously entwined. Her clothing has an 'aesthetic' look, perhaps because the looser cut hid her thinness. She would not have needed corsets. Millais hung and kept this painting in his studio. There is a photograph of him sitting beneath it, reading.

I place some flowers on the grave - what sadness was shovelled here? Her story seems like some tragic inversion of Dorian Gray - the paintings eternally beautiful. Sophie all too mortal. I hope she found the peace she sought.

My thoughts are disturbed by some drunks on a nearby bench. I turn and pick my way between the serried graves  pass the beggar at the gates and walk onto the Fulham Road.

Kevin Hill. 
November 2015



REFERENCES

Millais and the Ruskins. Mary Lutyens. Murray 1967. Page 131.

The Life and Letters of Sir John Everett Millais. Volume 1.  John Guille Millais . Methuen 1899 . Page 288.

The Pre Raphaelites. Tate Gallery/Penguin. 1984. Page 139.

Ibid. Page 141.

The Pre-Raphaelite Papers. Tate Gallery 1984 . Page 142.

Life and Letters. OP. Cit. Page 298.

The Age of Paradox, A Biography of England 1841 – 1851. John W. Dodds, London. Victor Gollancz 1953. Page 107

John George and Henry, Sue Bradbury  The Boydell Press 2012. Page 208.

Lutyens. OP. Cit. Page153.

Effie. Suzanne Fagence Cooper . Duckworth Overlook 2010. Page 210.

THE SILVER SWAN AT BOWES MUSEUM ...

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When I was researching and writing my novel, Elijah’s Mermaid, I planned a scene with an automaton, and vaguely recalled having seen one in an article about a clockwork swan on display at the Bowes Museum.

To describe the swan in words ~ though you really need to watch the film embedded above into this post to appreciate its beauty ~ it appears to float upon a stream made of rows of twisted glass rods. When the mechanism is wound up, music plays and the rods begin to rotate as little sparkling silver fish swim through the ‘water’. The swan lowers its head to the left and right while seeming to preen its feathers, before it picks up and swallows one fish, at which point the music stops, and the swan returns to its upright position again.

It truly is a wonder, and although I eventually wrote about a sinister clockwork mermaid, the silver swan has continued to hold a fascination for me. So, when I recently came to read Peter Carey’s novel, The Chemistry of Tears, in which the swan plays a central part, I decided to look more closely at the reality behind the fiction - and in doing so discovered the intriguing human story at its heart.

The swan was originally created by John Joseph Merlin, and is first recorded as being displayed back in 1774, in the Mechanical Museum of James Cox, a London showman and dealer.

Almost a century later, in 1872, the wealthy collectors, John and Josephine Bowes, paid £200 (around £80,000 in today’s money) to purchase the swan from a Parisian jeweller, having both been enchanted after seeing the object on display at the Paris International Exhibition in 1867. 

At the same exhibition it was viewed by the American writer, Mark Twain, who wrote -


‘I watched the Silver Swan, which had a living grace about his movement and a living intelligence in his eyes - watched him swimming about as comfortably and unconcernedly as it he had been born in a morass instead of a jeweller’s shop - watched him seize a silver fish from under the water and hold up his head and go through the customary and elaborate motions of swallowing it...' 




Today, you can go and see the swan at the Bowes Museum - where John and Josephine amassed their marvellous collection of furniture, art, and automata. 

But who were this discerning couple? Well, their story is as alluring as the silver swan itself.




Josephine Benoite Coffin-Chevalie was the daughter of a French clockmaker who grew up to be an actress. In 1847, she met John Bowes, the illegitimate son of the 10th Earl of Strathmore. 

John was a racy aristocrat, active in the Parisian Demi-monde, where he first came to meet his future wife when she performed at the Theatre des Varietes; the theatre that he’d purchased as a gift for another mistress.

Chateau du Barry - painted by Josephine Bowes.
Josephine had a wonderful eye for art.  She and John bought several works for the collection at Bowes, including work by El Greco, Goya, Canaletto, and Fantin-Latour


He was clearly a very generous man when it came to the women who he loved. For Josephine, who he nicknamed Puss, he bought the Chateau du Barry near Paris which had once been home to a mistress of Louis XV. However the pair also visited John’s English home in County Durham, hoping to improve the lives of the farmers and miners who worked around by creating a permanent display of art and culture for their use. 




Sadly, Josephine died at 48, before she’d really had the time to enjoy their home and its treasures. She was childless, and it was said that she had suffered from lung disease. But it is also likely that she and John had syphilis, both having enjoyed an adventurous youth.

Tragically, John’s second wife, who was very jealous of the first, set about expunging her memory, and that included destroying almost all of the letters she’d written to John - of which there was many hundreds, as they wrote to each other every day. It is thought that if she could have done the second wife would have prevented the museum from ever opening. But open it did in 1885, seven years after John had also died.

An exhibition about Josephine’s life, A Woman of Taste and Influence, is currently on show at the Bowes Museum, and continues until July 16, 2017.







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THE INFLUENCE OF HEREFORDSHIRE IN MY VICTORIAN NOVELS...

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I was born and spent my childhood in the English county of Herefordshire, so it's really little wonder that it features so strongly in my books.

Having gone to school in Leominster, a medieval market town, I then travelled north to Sheffield where I went to university ~ studying English Literature; with my favourite module on that course being the Victorian novel.

Three years later I went back home again and spent three months at Hereford Technical College on a graduate secretarial course – after which I went to London for a job on the Telegraph Sunday Magazine, with the formal title of my post being Editorial Assistant - though I actually did all sorts things; including on one occasion dressing up as a Victorian maid for one of the magazine’s Christmas editions.


Modelling was not for me, and I soon moved on to another job; this time at George Allen & Unwin, a small independent publishing house situated in Museum Street, just opposite the British Museum. Sadly, that business is gone now. No-one sits in the attic as I once did, next to sputtering gas fire, surrounded by a giant wall of printed paper manuscripts. 

 

But the offices in Ruskin house ... well, that lovely old building is still there. And I still like to wander past it if I’m ever in the area. 

Allen & Unwin’s most famous author was J R R Tolkien, and something I loved about that job was seeing all the artwork that came in for his illustrated books. I think that’s what made me realise that, as well as enjoying stories I’d always loved painting and drawing too – ever since I was little girl when a lovely teacher called Mrs Cook was kind enough to encourage me; though since going to university I’d hardly thought of art at all.

However, when I had a baby and suffered complications I started to work from home instead, setting up a business designing mainly greetings cards. And, as is the way of things, before I even knew it 20 years of my life had gone flying by. My daughter had grown up herself and left home for university ... and one day I found myself wondering, well, is this the job I want to do for the rest of my natural working life. And, if not, what would I do instead?

I already knew the answer. It had always been simmering under the surface. Because ever since I’d been a child I’d always had stories inside my head, and now I was making pictures with words instead of pens and paints.


I’ve written three Victorian novels, all published by Orion Books. They are: The Somnambulist, Elijah’s Mermaid, and The Goddess and The Thief . Each of the stories stands alone, with different characters and plots. But, they are all mysterious and somewhat gothic in their tone, and two of them ~ the first two ~ were also heavily inspired by own life in Herefordshire.


My first novel, The Somnambulist takes its title from a painting by the Pre-Raphaelite artist, Millais, which is called A Somnambulist. You’ll see the size and scale of it in this photograph that my agent took at Bonhams Auction House in London, just the day before the novel's release when, quite by coincidence, the painting was being sold on behalf of Bolton Council. Up until that point in time it been kept it in storage, so it really was a thrill for me to see it in reality ~ and to realise how big it was because, having only seen it through the glass of my computer screen, I imaged it was much smaller - - as described here by Phoebe Turner, the narrator of The Somnambulist ...


“Halfway up the stairs on the little half landing, the copy of a Millais was hung ... and it showed a young woman with flowing dark hair, wearing no more than a thin cotton gown as she walked at the perilous edge of a cliff. She carried a candle, but no flame had been lit, and I always feared she might slip to her death, dashed on the rocks in a cold grey sea.
Some thought it was based on a popular novel, the one called The Woman in White. Others said that an opera inspired it, and that woman the very spit of Aunt Cissy when she was singing the part of Amina, in Bellini’s La Sonnambula.”

Well, whether it had been inspired by a novel or an opera, both were based around a ‘somnambulist’ ~ which simply means a sleepwalker ~ an image that was very strong in Victorian art and literature:. It represented repressed sexuality, or of being blinded to the truth through ignorance, or deception. It could also indicate a soul being under the influence of the occult; all of which are there to see in this dark, and eerie night-time scene ~ and all of which you’ll also find within my novel’s storyline, where a vulnerable young woman is walking alone in the dead of night, dressed in only her nightgown, with her virtue and reputation at risk, never mind ~ as my narrator fears ~ falling to her death on the rocks below. Because, as so many Pre-Raphaelite paintings were full of symbols and ‘stories within stories’, I think it’s safe enough to say that these are the rocks of moral doom.
 
Unlike many other Pre-Raphaelite paintings, this isn’t pretty or very romantic, and perhaps that’s why it didn’t fetch a huge price at Bonham’s auction house. It sold for around £60,000 pounds. But it really does encapsulate Victorian Sensation literature, which was often less stuffy or prudish than we might imagine now; relishing in salacious themes, such as illicit love affairs or the scandal of divorce ~ the stigma of which could often lead to complete and utter social disgrace. The writers, and readers, of these books relished in sordid goings on, with the pages regularly filled with misdirected and damning letters, with orphaned or illegitimate children, with stolen or lost inheritances, or women gone mad and confined to asylums. There would also be drugs or poisons. There’d be murders and other audacious crimes, not to mention the séances and ghosts upon which the plots might twist and turn to leave the reader ~ not only thrilled ~ but often left panting for more, and more. And because most of these ‘page turners’ were serialised in weekly magazines before they were ever published as books, it was in the writers’ interests to leave their readers hanging at the end of every chapter  ~ metaphorically speaking as if they were teetering on the edge of the cliff where our Somnambulist walks.

These novels were read in huge quantities too. Due to industrialization, and the lower costs of printing, for the very first time in history members of every social class ~ from the grandest ladies in their parlours, to the kitchen staff in the basements below ~ could read the same exciting tales, where the ‘gothic’, or larger than life characters would become as ‘intimately known’ as the actors in TV soaps today; or those who act in our favourite films.

 
When I was a little girl I loved the old black-and-white feature films, shown on TV on Sunday afternoons. I’d snuggle up with my mother or aunts, and lose myself in old fashioned worlds. Worlds such as Madame Bovary, or Jane Eyre, or Great Expectations. Or there might be The Barratts of Wimple Street, or Wuthering Heights, or Fanny by Gaslight ... well, I’m sure you’ll have your favourites too.


For myself, I couldn’t get enough of all those murky, candle-lit rooms, or the shimmering fizz of the gas-lit streets. And so, I suppose it is no surprise that I set my own stories in such a world. After all, they say you should write what you love. And they also say you should write what you know - although what could I possibly know about life in the nineteenth century?

Well, I’d watched those films, and I'd also read a lot of Victorian fiction. I study a lot of history when researching the details for my books. But, more than that, I've always partly lived in a Victorian world. I still do today, and so do you. 


I don't claim to be a time traveller, but I walk the same streets that my ancestors did. I visit the same pubs and theatres. I live inside their houses too. Even with modernisations, it’s not that hard to look around and imagine how things used to be ~ yet more so by having access to one of the greatest inventions of the nineteenth century which is the art of photography ~ which means that, unlike other eras from further back in history, we can actually see how those people looked, and the world that they existed in; only not in colour.

 

Here is a small selection of some of our oldest family snaps. I’m not sure who the old man on the right could be, though I love the way his terrier is so proudly displayed on a table cloth. And the one at the bottom, that’s Mum’s dad, looking as if he’s stepped straight out of the TV Show, Peaky Blinders. And then, there’s the one on the left who looks like Robbie Williams! So, perhaps there was some time travelling - and as William Fox Talbot, a pioneer of photography said, what photographs can give to us is:  A little bit of magic realised.


I felt a little magic involved just before I wrote The Somnambulist when I went toa genuine music hall, with Wilton’s in East London still opening its doors to the public today; and still so full of atmosphere. You can almost smell the cigar smoke, hear the pop of champagne corks, the clatter and bang, the laughter and singing going on.


But there was another stage of sorts that inspired me years and years before, and that was introduced to me by my grandmother, Octavia Thomas, who was known as Betty to her friends. Whenever I went to visit, Betty would play her piano for me, singing lots of songs as well ~ just as my imaginary Cissy plays and sings for her niece, Phoebe Turner, in the pages of The Somnambulist...


When Betty first married my grandfather, Brian, she went to live on the top two floors of what had once been a coaching inn, at the bottom of Broad Street, in Leominster. The Inn, really quite a grand hotel, had been built in 1840. But, by 1851 the business failed ~ having opened up at just the wrong time, at the dawn of the railway era, and with very little going on in the 'old fashioned' coaching trade. 

When I used to go there, during the 1960’s, the lower floors of Broad Street were used as a shop front. The rooms above were offices, and the rows of stables built behind provided ample storage space for the agricultural feed and machines in which my grandfather used to trade. 

His father, my great grandfather, had worked in the very same premises. Before owning the property outright, in the late 1800's he became a partner in the firm of Alexander and Duncan. Back then, the company specialised in the sale of ironmongery.


What had originally been the ballroom (shown here from a newspaper advertisement around the time of its building) was used as a fancy showroom, filled with objects such as fire surrounds, tables, bed frames, umbrella stands. But by the time I knew the room it had fallen into disrepair. It was filled with machines and sacks of feed, and who knows how many rats and mice. But I loved to hear my grandmother describe the way it used to be, with music and dancing and lovely clothes. And I felt such a sense of wonder whenever I stood on that ballroom stage, surrounded by cracked plaster work, with the cobwebs draping down like lace, but feeling a sense of enchantment too while I dreamed of the glamour of its past.


And later on ... much later on, those feelings were still haunting me when I found myself in Wilton’s Hall and tried to imagine such a world through the eyes of Phoebe Turner, when she dreams of performing on that stage.


Another place that haunted me which appears in The Somnambulist, albeit in fictional disguise, was the grand construction, Hampton Court ~ what I’ve renamed as Dinwood Court. This picture is more or less as it looked when I was still a little girl, when I so vividly recall spending Sunday afternoons (those days when I wasn’t at home watching those black-and-white films on TV) sitting in the family car while we drove around the countryside. And whenever we went past Hampton Court I always hoped the car would slow, gazing out through the window to see the gates, and then the drive that led the way to what looked like a fairy tale castle. And then, when I was older, and back for the summer holidays after going to university, I had a temporary job working as a cleaner at the house. So, I finally got to look inside.

At that time the house was privately owned – I think by a transport tycoon, of whom I never knew that much: only that I had to use a Ewbank instead of a motorized hoover so as not to disturb the owner’s peace. It really was quite a task. There seemed to be miles and miles of red carpets running along the corridors ~ where I very often got quite spooked by the metal suits of armour that stood to attention on either side, just as I did in one of the bedrooms which had an eerie atmosphere, so cold and hostile that I really didn’t like to go inside. But, later on, when I wrote my book, I used the way I’d felt back then to conjure up some ghostly scenes that Phoebe Turner experiences.


Nowadays, with new owners who open the house for visitors, you can explore the gardens, even have a coffee or afternoon tea while sitting in the Orangery where Phoebe is first introduced to my fictional owner of the house: a woman called Lydia Samuels, for whom she will be a companion.

In reality, the orangery was designed by Joseph Paxton, famed for the Crystal Palace that housed the Great Exhibition of London in 1851. That setting is one that you will find if you read The Goddess and The Thief, but tonight we’ll be staying in herefordshire, and when it comes to Hampton Court, I feel so very privileged to have roamed around that house alone, before I would join the rest of the staff ~ other cleaners, gardeners, and handymen ~ when we ate a hearty three-course lunch around the kitchen table; with those lunches going on to inspire my own Victorian kitchen scenes taking place in The Somnambulist.

So often I embellished that short time I spent at Hampton Court when I started to write my novel. The story begins in London, but soon, having hit upon hard times, Phoebe travels by train to Herefordshire to take up her new employment. And when she arrives at the station it’s night, and she finds herself to be alone, as shown in this extract from the book -

I could hardly have felt more miserable. There I was half blind and abandoned in some god-forsaken country place which amounted to two narrow platforms and a rickety bridge in between. A creaking sign said Dinwood, and below that, the hands of a big round clock were pointing to after eleven o’clock.
I knocked at the ticket office door, which was locked, with no sign of any life. On the door next to that was a nameplate: The Dinwood Cider company ~ and behind barred windows were barrels and bottles, and some other slinking shapes that I feared could only be vermin. Pushing through a gate at the side I saw nothing but piles of logs and slag. I shouted ‘hello’ but my voice was drowned in the heavy beating of the rain. Much dejected, I went back to sit on my trunk, wondering what to do for the best – which is when I saw the light of a lantern, and the thin silhouette of an arm reaching out, impossibly long, with a hook at the end ... and having read all those sensational stories where young women were lost to cruel fates on dark nights, I became quite convinced that this was some lunatic monster set on a blood-crazed murdering spree.
But, when I opened my mouth to scream, a deep burring voice was asking me, “Is it Miss Turner ... Miss Turner come for Dinwood Court?
        Raising a hand to my brow, shielding my eyes from the rain once more, I saw no monster standing there, only an old man in a drooping straw hat with a fringe of white hair plastered wet to his brow. His chin was hoary with stubble. His cheeks were threaded with purple veins, but his eyes were a clear and sparkling brown, looking friendly enough as I nervously said, “Yes... that’s me. Who are you?”

Well, the old man is Mr Meldicott, who’s been sent to collect her from Dinwood Court, after which Phoebe then finds herself ...

"...sitting in a rattling trap, a draughty flapping roof on top, and the road aglow with the lantern light, as were verges of grass, muddy ditches, and hedges, where the heads of white flowers were gleaming. The air smelled damp and mushroomy. Mr Meldicott whistled some popular tune, something Cissy once used to sing as well, though I couldn’t remember the name of it. His accompaniment was the clop of hooves, the splashing of big wooden wheels, the drip, drip, drip from branches above where trees on either side of the road formed a dark arching tunnel above our heads. From time to time he clicked his tongue, soothing the horse when it whinnied or shied as shadows danced around us ... while I shivered and yawned with exhaustion, and finally let my eyes droop closed ... only stirring again when we reached some gates which, being made of iron, very heavy, very large, made the most horrible clanking sound.


I saw the house loom up ahead. A central square tower above an arched entrance, castellated walls running either side, and so many windows ... I couldn’t even begin to count ~ and each one unlit and unwelcoming. But, as the moon’s face broke through fast-scudding clouds, I saw something else that quite took my breath, the thing that was lying behind it, spreading upwards and outwards for several miles: the dense, sloping woodlands that glistened like silver. And, being quite overawed by that, and sounding more like Old Riley than me, I exclaimed, “Strike a light! What a wonder. I’ve never seen so many trees in my life.”

Old Riley who Phoebe mentions there ~ well, she’s a theatrical dresser, who throws in a bit of palm reading too. A larger than life character with a role in most of the London scenes. But, in ways and looks she wasinspired by my great Aunt Hazel from Leominster, who once ran Dimarco’s fish shop, with her husband, my Uncle Eric. Just like Aunty Hazel, Old Riley only has one eye, having lost the other when a stone was thrown up by a vehicle in the street. I was always intrigued by that one eye ~ and yet, much like Old Riley, Aunty Hazel never missed a thing!


But back to those trees that Phoebe sees ~ what I describe is the Queen’s Wood, where I often wandered in my youth along with my mother, brother and sister. And when Phoebe also walks there I try to convey the mood of the place, and the way I felt about it – so mysterious and magical; like being in another world. And, it really is for Phoebe, who's never been out of London.

My skirts brushed against the damp grasses. Directly ahead trees were steaming with moisture, almost as if they were living and breathing. I hesitated, and it seemed that all nature’s sounds hesitated too, as if those woods sensed my arrival, the stranger who entered their dappled green gloom. My fingers scraped over rough bark of trees as I gazed up into the canopy where branches were woven so tightly together, where shafts of gold light filled the gaps in the green, where the wood was creaking as leaves weighed low, still heavy and dripping with jewels of rain. There was a stream – a waterfall – that splashed over boulders furred velvet with moss, and I stood in that verdant magical place and almost believed it was welcoming me, that the birds in the branches were singing my name. The prettiest: fee bee, fee bee.


And thinking of sounds of water brings me on to Elijah’s Mermaid; another novel that has been hugely inspired by Herefordshire. Again it has that London versus the countryside divide, which has been a defining part of my life, and which is also a common theme employed in Victorian novels where, in a broadly simplistic view, the country is often viewed as good, and the cities as scenes of disease and vice, where exotic and dangerous strangers roam.


What could be more exotic than a nymph, or a mermaid ~ and this painting by John William Waterhouse, which is called A Mermaid, takes me straight back to Leominster Library, when it was based in West Street, and looked a bit like this inside –


It had such a big influence on my life. I used to get so excited when I saw the little lender’s cards being placed in their folders in the tray; particularly when I borrowed the stories of fairy tales I loved ~ such as Hans Christian Anderson’s tragic tale of TheLittle Mermaid, or Charles Kingsley’s The Water Babies, with both of those stories going on to inspire Elijah’s Mermaid; even if I reimagined them in a much more adult way.


Water played a big part in my childhood. I have such vivid memories of living in The Meadows, and then Cranes Lane in Leominster, with the fields behind both houses running down to the river, where we’d go for walks and family picnics ~ avoiding the cowpats on the way until we came to the sandy banks on the other side of an old stone bridge. We would paddle or swim in that river, or swing from the branches of willow trees. We would fish with jam jars held on strings to catch our tiddlers, or bully heads. And, in bed at night I’d go to sleep and dream of diving down under the water and living with the mermaids ...


But, as well as looking idyllic, water can be dangerous – just as it is in The Water Babies, when Tom, a little chimney sweep is drowned in a river while trying to wash away the soot that covers him ~ and through this fictional story, Charles Kingsley was also hoping to show just how cruel and exploitative were the laws in the nineteenth century when it came to child labour; when the virtue and glossy morality on the surface of Victorian life was unable to hide the stench of the sewers, and a seething underworld of sin.


When I wrote Elijah’s Mermaid I also tried to allude to that hypocrisy and sin ... starting with the story of Pearl, a girl who is found as a baby floating in the river Thames, where her unmarried mother has drowned herself, and means for her child to die as well. But, having been rescued that dark night, Pearl is then raised in a brothel, though her fate isn’t quite what you might think ~ becoming the muse of an artist, who is obsessed with her beauty, and who paints her as a mermaid.

The novel has two narrators. So, as well as Pearl in London, there is Lily and her twin brother, Elijah, who both grow up in Herefordshire, and their childhood is very different to hers, being raised by a kindly grandfather, who both the children called ‘Papa’ ~ and he writes Victorian fairy tales ~ and he lives in the village of Kingsland. And here, once again, my childhood played a part in the setting of those scenes.


As a little girl I came to know the village of Kingsland very well; often staying for days on end in the home of my aunt and uncle who ran the local post office, and who often took us children on walks through the countryside around. So, recalling those happy carefree times, I have my twins often spending hours beside a little stream that runs at the end of their garden, and roaming the fields by the village church; a place where I’ve always loved to walk, and still do when I’m at home with mum.

The house where Elijah and Lily live was once the village rectory, and it really was covered in ivy as it is in Elijah’s Mermaid, though I had to imagine the rooms inside, never having stepped foot beyond the door. I also reimagined the stream that runs at the garden's boundary, making it somewhat larger, and more overgrown with trees and ferns. A secret oasis of tranquil green where the children dip jam jars into the water, hoping tocatch, not fish like me ~ but a water babe, or a mermaid, who might have got lost when she leaves the sea; just as one in their grandfather's stories does.

Nowadays, that house is privately owned, but you can still walk the glebe field, and pass through the swinging iron gate that enters the village church yard, where some members of my family lie ~ as do Lily’s and Elijah’s. You can go inside the grey stone church, with the Volka chapel that I have also described within this book; and in there you’ll find the open tomb that used to intrigue me every time I went to church on Sundays ... in which the grown up Lily lies, posing as Ophelia, while her brother (an artist and photographer) asks to take her picture, as if she’s in a painting ~ which is something Victorian artists did, either as the reference to copy on their canvasses, or as works of art in their own right. And here, Lily describes that day when she posed as the drowned Ophelia.


I shivered in that cold dank tomb. I was doing my best to look mournful – and dead. Both of my eyes were tightly closed. Both of my hands were crossed at my breast, which was sheathed in the finest muslin cloth; an old dress from another attic trunk that had once belonged to our grandmother, wrapped up in paper, perfectly preserved, and fitting as if it was made for me. I wondered what age she had been when she wore it – if she had also been twenty years. When I’d asked Papa he could not recall. Papa was starting to forget... and that day I also tried to forget the story I’d heard of the Chapel tomb – saying that it once held the bones of a woman and newborn babe. But in one of his rambling sermons when I was still a little girl, the vicar had distinctly said that the tomb had never been used at all, but was what they call a ‘symbolic’ grave, a memorial for the Wars of the Roses when, in the battle of Mortimer’s Cross – in a field, no more than a mile away – over four thousand men were slain. It had been a time of great tragedy, but one of signs and wonders too. In those moments before the battle commenced, when all of the soldiers were praying to God to make their side victorious, the heavens began to glow with the light of not one, but several shining suns.
         A ‘parhelion’ – that is the scientific term. A sun dog the more poetic. But then, being so very young, I imagined an actual dog in the sky, and only when walking back home with Papa, when I must have mentioned such a thing, did he throw back his head and laugh and say, ‘Now, Lily, that would be a sight to see! Such an occurrence is very rare ... but nothing to do with a real dog, and certainly not a miracle . . . whatever the vicar chooses to think. It happens when the air is cold and crystals of ice form in the clouds ... and when the sun shines through them, and if all the angles of light are just so, then the rays begin to diffract and spread, much as they do when a rainbow appears. Instead of seeing an arch in the sky those soldiers saw many coloured stars. They say that to see such things brings luck, and I dare say it did for the Yorkists that day – all those soldiers who their carried battle flags embroidered with symbols of the sun.’
        
Well, that really did happen at Mortimer’s Cross, and that’s how I seeded it into my plot. But not everything that I researched ended up in the pages of the book, and one event I wrote about, and then cut from my novel, I’d like to tell you about tonight.

Images from Kingsland Village Website

We might take trains for granted now, but they were revolutionary during the nineteenth century. As I mentioned earlier, they soon did for the Lion Coaching Inn. But, on the whole they really helped the local farms to prosper, transporting livestock and other goods to markets much further away than before. They also allowed many people who might never have travelled about before to visit cities and seaside towns; even to move away to work.

Today, I like to take the train whenever I come back home again, enjoying the chance to sit and read, or to view the lovely scenery. And so did Phoebe Turner in the story of The Somnambulist ~ and then, in Elijah’s Mermaid, young Lily and Elijah go travelling to London ~ a trip they are very excited about, even though their grandfather’s housekeeper believes, as so many did back then, that to travel at such rushing speeds would lead to a form of brain damage. A nose bleed at the very least!


But, disregarding the Victorian doom mongers, William Bateman-Hanbury, the Lord Lieutenant of Herefordshire, founded a local railway. It cost around £80,000 of which the initial investors would receive an annual dividend of 4% of the profits, after which the service line was leased to the Great Western Railway, becoming fully amalgamated in 1898. Bateman engaged the engineers, Thomas Brassey and William Field, to construct the tracks that ran between Leominster and Kington. I once walked the remains of that line when, along with my brother and cousins, we decided to run away from home, heading from Kingsland to Leominster ~ from where the first train was to run in the June of 1862.


Before that, at the very start of work, Lady Bateman wielded a silver spade to dig the first earth along the track that would eventually end up as being 13 miles and 25 chains long. There were stations at the villages of Titley, Marston Road, Pembridge and Kingsland (with a private stop at Shobdon Court which was where Lord Bateman used to live), though the timetables could be - informal– with trains sometimes halting mid-way on the tracks to deliver local groceries, even to collect fresh eggs.


At the grand opening day, on Tuesday, July 28th in 1857 there was a great deal of excitement. The event having been well-advertised in all the local papers, there were banners and bunting draped up at the stations and people dressed in their Sunday best to attend a celebration meal ~ though the party was at first delayed when the brand new engine (which was named Lord Bateman) broke down just outside Leominster.

But despite any tempers being frayed, and with many of those who’d had to wait ending up being damp and bedraggled when the clouds opened up to pour with rain, the guests were dry and warm again at Kington's Oxford Arms hotel, where the Rear Admiral, Sir Thomas Hastings CB, presided over three hundred guests who sat to eat in the banqueting room. Above them were banners that read: ‘Times Past’ - with pictures of coaches and horses; while those that said ‘Times Present’ showed the design of a modern passenger train. And, as to the celebration feast ~ well, just listen to this menu, for which I’ve found some images from Mrs Beeton’s Book of Household Management, which I think will give you a good idea of how that banquet could have looked. 


"1 boar’s head, 6 spiced beef, 4 roast beef, 6 galantines of veal, 10 forequarters of lamb, 20 couples of roast fowl, 6 couples béchamel fowl, 8 hams, 10 tongues, 8 raised pies, 12 turkey poulets, 28 lobsters, 12 lobster salads, 4 Savoy cakes, 8 Danzig cakes, 8 rock cakes, 8 plain cakes, 8 charlotte russe, 8 Polish gateaux, 8 Viennese cakes, 8 raspberry creams, 8 pineapple creams, 12 dishes of tartlets, 12 dishes of cheesecakes, 12 fancy pastries, pineapples, grapes and fruit, etc."

Goodness me, what a feast that must have been! But, sadly Times Present didn’t last, and although the train line carried freight and goods until 1964, it was closed for public travel from 1955, by then unable to compete with the more successful bus companies. The last train at Kington station found a black flag hanging to greet it, before the final return was made. 

What a sad day that must have been.



This post forms the greater part of a talk prepared for the Herefordshire Libraries Book Festival.






SUTHERLAND MACDONALD, AND THE VICTORIAN ART OF TATTOOING ...

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The National Maritime Museum Cornwall has a major new exhibition entitled: Tattoo: British Tattoo Art Revealed. 

Running from now until January 2018, the exhibition illustrates how tattoos have been used to express individual and group identity across every social class. 

The exhibition includes work by the Victorian, Sutherland Macdonald, who is thought to have been exposed to the art while in the British Army. He was said to be a 'natural' who was adept in the use of Japanese hand tools ~ and Japanese tattoo styles definitely influenced his work. However, in 1894, he received a patent for his own electric tattooing machine, and he has also been credited with extending the popular shades of blues and greens, which are classics of the palates of almost all tattooists today.

Examples of his work are shown below. I only wish the photographs were in colour.


















For another VV post on Victorian tattoos, see:  Tattooed ~ by Royal Appointment

EATING WITH VICTORIA ~ A GREEDY QUEEN ...

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GUEST POST BY ANNIE GRAY


Portrait of Victoria, 1875
By Heinrich Von Angeli 
Copyright HM QEII, 2017/Bridgeman Images


A Greedy Queen is my first book, but in some ways has been simmering away in my mind for a very long time. One of the various elements of my version of being a food historian (there’s no job description, and we all do different things), is that I work in costume. At one stage, I ran a highly successful team at Audley End House in Essex (English Heritage), cooking in front of the public, and using the dishes and techniques to explore the past and, before I managed to make everything all about the food, I also played Victoria herself, as well as various of her servants, at Osborne House and Kensington Palace.




Researching a character for public interpretation is a funny business. You have to inhabit the persona of someone enough for people to have conversations with you connected to the past, and sparked by your characterisation, but not so much that it’s scary (or that you seem like a weirdo).


 
Windsor Castle Kitchen, 1886.
By Frank Watkins
Copyright Gavin Graham Gallery, 2017/Bridgeman Images


Inevitably, you draw on elements of people’s lives that appeal to you, and with Victoria it was always the food. I kept coming back to the fact that before her marriage in 1840 she’d dieted herself down to 7 stone 2 (she was 5 ft 1), but by 1895 she had a 45 inch waist and was frankly enormous. Kensington Palace has gowns from various stages of her life on display, with mirrors behind them, so you can stand in front and compare yourself very directly to the shape of the person for whom they were made, and I’ve spent hours in quiet contemplation there.


Evening at Balmoral, 1854.
Painted by Carl Haag
Royal Collection Trust/copyright HM QEII 2017 RL22033


Inevitably, Victoria’s relationship with food was complicated and changed over time. I loved researching and writing the book, and there were genuine moments of absolute surprise – like the times when peahen featured in her supply ledgers, when I thought it’d gone out with the Tudors, or the sheer volume of food going into the palaces.



Illustration from a contemporary cookbook aimed at the upper and upper middle classes


I watched William IV die through the pages of his dining ledgers, and I saw Victoria recover after the birth of her children (chocolate sauce was involved). I also came to love Victorian food even more that I had done up to that point. So, for a taste of the Victorian high life, here’re a few of my favourites...


Brussels Biscuits or Rusks

Charles Francatelli, The Cook’s Guide (1861)


Ingredients required– One pound of flour, ten ounces of butter, half an ounce of German-yeast, four ounces of sugar, four whole eggs, and four yolks, a teaspoonful of salt, and a gill of cream. Mix the paste [in the manner described for Compiegne cake, excepting that this must be beaten] with the hand upon the slab until it presents an appearance of elasticity: the sponge should then be added, and after the whole has been well worked once more, the paste must be placed in long narrow tins [about 2 inches deep, and of about the same width, preparatory to placing the paste in the moulds: these should first be well uttered and floured inside (to prevent the paste from sticking), then the paste rolled out to their own lengths, and about one inch and a half thick, dropped into them] and set in a warm place to rise…when the paste has sufficiently risen, it must be gently turned out [on a baking sheet, previously spread with butter. Then] egged [all over with a soft paste brush,] and baked [of a bright, deep yellow colour. When done,] cut it up into slices [about a quarter of an inch thick] place them flat on a baking-sheet, and put them again in the oven to acquire a light-yellow colour on both sides.

These biscuits were beloved of Victoria as a teenager recovering from a serious illness in 1835. This recipe is from a book by Charles Elmé Francatelli, who was chief cook to her in 1840. He wrote several books, and this recipe appears in one aimed solidly at the middle classes. Interestingly it is not included in his high-end cookery book, which is in general more reflective of the kind of dishes which he would have been cooking at Windsor and Buckingham Palace.

I have halved the ingredients – it still makes quite a lot of biscuits, so by all means halve them again. You can buy ‘fresh’ yeast in blocks from the bakery counter at many supermarkets: it is the equivalent of the processed German-yeast mentioned here.

8oz (200g) plain flour
5oz (125g) unsalted butter
½ oz fresh yeast or ½ tsp of dried yeast
2oz (50g) caster sugar
1 whole large egg
1 large egg yolk
½ tsp salt
5fl oz (125 ml) single cream.

Crumble the yeast into about 2tbsp of tepid water, and mix to dissolve. Put 2oz of the flour into a bowl. Make a well in the centre, and add the yeast mixture. Sprinkle with a little flour from round the edges. Leave for about 10mn, at which point the yeast should be bubbling through the flour. Mix, adding a little more water if necessary, and form it into a loose and rather sticky ball. Cover with a damp teatowl or clingfilm, and leave in a warm place to double or triple in size. This is your sponge.

Meanwhile, mix the other ingredients well. Knead them, and, when the sponge has risen, add this in and mix everything thoroughly. Knead again. Francatelli now uses long, thin moulds as a way of shaping the dough which will be rather sticky and hard to handle. If you don’t have any, you can use plastic food containers, mini loaf tins, or half a kitchen roll inner tube, lined with greaseproof paper or clingfilm – whatever comes to hand is fine – just be aware that this will dictate the size of your final biscuits. Butter and flour whatever you are using, and put the dough in, to about 2/3 the height of your mould. Leave, covered with clingfilm of a damp cloth, for a couple of hours until it has risen and quite probably overflowed. Heat the oven to 180°c (170°c fan). Turn the dough out fast onto a greased baking sheet and bake for about 15-20mn. You can egg wash the whole thing for extra authenticity if you have a soft enough brush not to tear the rather delicate dough. (You can also just cook them in loaf tins which is easier, but it depends what you have in your kitchen).

Leave to cool slightly, and cut your cakes into thin slices. Egg wash them if you can be bothered, and spread on a greased baking sheet. Rebake for 10-15mn until they are golden brown. Store in an airtight container and eat with everything you can think of (especially orange jelly and beef tea).





Pancake with marmalade

Alexis Soyer, The Modern Housewife (1849)


Put a quarter of a pound of sifted flour into a basin, with four eggs, mix them together very smoothly, then add half a pint of milk or cream, and a little grated nutmeg, put a piece of butter in your pan, (it requires but a very little), and when quite hot put in two tablespoonfuls of the mixture, let spread all over the pan, place it upon the fire, and when coloured upon the one side toss it over, then turn it upon your cloth; proceed thus til they are all done, then spread apricot or other marmalade all over, and roll them up neatly, lay them upon a baking sheet, sift sugar all over, glaze nicely with the salamander, and serve upon a napkin; the above may be served without the marmalade, being then the common pancake.’

Alexis Soyer was the leading chef of his day, and was one of London’s most flamboyant culinary figures. Like Francatelli, he published cookery books aimed at the upper, middle and lower classes, and he also put his ideas into action, going out to the Crimea to work out whether the food had anything to do with the appalling death rate in the Scutari field hospital (it did). He subsequently invented a military stove which remained in use well into the latter half of the twentieth century, and was lauded as a hero by The Times. This recipe is from his middle class Cook’s Guide, which is written as letters from an experienced hostess to her protégé. It’s refreshingly odd, but the recipes are brilliant. Victoria’s children recalled making pancakes at the Swiss Cottage when they were learning to cook there in the 1850s.

4oz (100g) flour
2 large eggs
10 fl oz (250ml) single cream or whole milk
Nutmeg
Butter
Jam or marmalade
Icing sugar (to finish) 

Mix the eggs and flour until there are no lumps, then whisk in the cream or milk, adding a little grated nutmeg. Melt the butter in a pan, and pour in two ladles-full of batter, spreading it out across the pan. Flip or toss the pancake when it is just cooked on the top, and cook the bottom until it is brown. To be properly Victorian, spread each pancake with a thin layer of jam or marmalade, roll it up, and put it on a baking sheet. When the sheet is full of pancakes, sprinkle with icing sugar and put them under a grill to brown the sugar. Serve on a doily, stacked neatly in a pyramid.






Windsor Sandwiches

Avis Crocombe, Unpublished ms. Cookbook, (c.1860-1910)


1/4lb tongue-1/4lb parmesan, 1 oz of butter and a little cayenne, pound all together and pass it through a sieve. Cut the bread to fancy and then put the preparation between. Dip them in butter and parmesan and fry them a light brown. 

One from my days at Audley End, this recipe is in a book kept by the cook there in 1881, Avis Crocombe. Avis was a trailblazer in her own way, one of a very small number of women cooking for the aristocracy. At the rank of earl of above, a woman cook was almost unheard of (Avis’s employer was a Baron, so rather lower down), and the preference of the titled was for men, preferably French men. That gender bias was also at work in the royal kitchens, where only around 15 of the 45 or so cooks were women. One of them, Jane Elgar, assistant to the confectionery, saw off five heads of department, all on £300 a year, while she remained on £40. However, she did manage to stay in post until her retirement, unlike Mary Timms, who died while still in service. Life in the kitchen was hard.

4oz (100g) tongue, chopped
4oz (100g) parmesan, grated
1oz (25g) butter
Generous pinch cayenne pepper
More butter, for frying
More grated parmesan, ditto
Good quality bread, thinly sliced

Cut the bread with a pastry cutter into fun shapes. Pound the tongue, parmesan, butter and cayenne in a mortar until it is pulverised (or use a blender, but the amounts are a bit small). Spread half the bread shapes with the paste, and press the other halves firmly on top. Melt the frying butter and dip the sandwiches in that, and then finely grated parmesan. Fry in yet more butter until crisp.

To drink, have a crack at either of the Queen’s favourite alcoholic tipples: claret mixed with whisky (I use Lochnagar and do 125ml wine and 25ml whisky), or whisky and soda. Seltzer water was widely regarded as a health drink, and whisky and soda, or whisky, soda and lemon squash, was therefore clearly an ideal way to start the day. One of Victoria’s granddaughters implored her mother, Victoria’s eldest daughter, to try it when she was thirsty…at 11am.



In the kitchen at Swiss Cottage at Osborne House 
Photograph by Andre Disderi
Royal Collection Trust copyright, HM QEII 2017: RCIN 2102589

THE FEJEE MERMAID: A HIDEOUS SIGHT...

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A Mermaid by J.W.Waterhouse


When I was a little girl, I was obsessed with mermaids. Hans Christian Anderson had a lot to answer for, as did John William Waterhouse who painted this romantic and sensual image.

But imagine how thrilled I would have been if I'd lived in New York in 1842 and chanced to see this advertisement for PT Barnum's American Museum - telling of its acquisition of some exotic Peruvian Mummies, a duck-billed platypus and, last but not least an object hailed as the Wondrous Fejee Mermaid...




Many children must have been horrified to witness the actual display: for Mr Barnum's glorious mermaid was nothing more fantastical than the mummified torso and head of a monkey sewn onto the tail of some great fish, the grotesque sight of which may well have caused many a sensitive Victorian soul to succumb to a fit of the vapours.




Nevertheless, the mermaid proved a most successful lure, until the museum and everything in it burned down in 1865, after which (despite imitations being displayed in freak shows around the world) the original Mermaid was thought to be lost, as were thousands of other exhibits ~ including a fragment of The True Cross which had been artfully displayed next to that other sacred object: the bed of one Robbie Burns!

Click onto this link to learn more about Barnum's American Museum.




THE HALL BY THE SEA ~ 'LORD' GEORGE SANGER'S MARGATE MENAGERIE ...

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Recently, while in Margate, the VV visited the Dreamland Funfair resort and learned that in Victorian times the site was called ‘The Hall by the Sea’ - being situated as it was just over the road from the beach.

The venue was established in 1874 by a travelling circus man widely known as ‘Lord’ George Sanger ~ 'Lord' because of the fact that he was always very smartly dressed.

Born in Newbury in 1825, George belonged to a show business family, with a father who made his living by exhibiting ‘curiosities’ and performing himself in peep shows in town and country fairs.

The showman gene was in George’s blood and he soon set up his own small shows which consisted of animals he’d trained ~ canaries, redpolls, white mice, and hares ~ who walked tightropes or fired mini canons. He was soon to be in much demand and was hired for private parties, but his mastery over the animals also drew accusations of witchcraft.


 Ellen ~ George Sanger's wife


In time, along with two older brothers, William and John, he set up a travelling conjuring show, and while performing at London’s Stepney Green met up with Ellen Chapman, the Lion taming woman who performed as Madame Pauline de Vere, who he then went on to marry in Sheffield in 1850.


 


As most of the performing fairs took place in the finer summer months, it was around this time that George and his brothers decided to hire permanent venues for Winter Theatrical shows. They rented Enon Chapel, which had been a former Charnel House and hired in actors and actresses to put on elaborate pantomimes. However, the site was forced to close down when human remains were still found to be present in the area. 

Unperturbed, and still thinking to expand in the summer of 1851 the brothers performed in London’s Hyde Park, at the time of the Great Exhibition. Unfortunately bad weather meant that this project ended in failure too. One more stint at Stepney Green, during which they displayed a ‘Tame Oyster’, and the brothers decided to start up a circus and take it on tour around the country.

In addition to this expansion they paid £11,000 to buy Astley’s Ampitheatre, still putting on their London shows until, in 1893, the London County Council ordered this venue to be closed.

Splitting at this time from his brothers, George travelled down to the Kent coast where he’d already established the Hall by the Sea. In addition to this, in Ramsgate, he opened up a new hotel adjoining an ampitheatre which, after his retirement, became the Royal Palace Theatre.


 


That theatre has now been demolished, but we can still visit the Margate site where he kept his touring menagerie during the quieter winter months, also creating a magnificent tourist lure, as described in this 1903 handbill -

'this mammoth establishment is the largest and most handsomely decorated and fitted place of entertainment out of London, and has accommodation for thousands'.



Inside this gothic structure, with walls designed to look like those of a ruined medieval abbey, lived many kinds of animals, including deer and camels, birds, giraffes and elephants, lions, bears, baboons, and wolves.




The western wall and cages before restoration

Sadly, all that now remains of the original buildings are parts of the western boundary. However, these have been given a Grade II listed status in the hope of preserving what is left of the brick and stone castellated walls, along with the iron barred cages where some of the animals were shown.






Still under renovation is the adjoining ‘folly’ or Gardener’s Cottage ~ but the cages are on open view for all who visit the Dreamland funfair ground. And the scene is made more attractive due to the glorious new plantings of lavender, agapanthus, olives, and many other shrubs and trees.




The VV thinks that 'Lord' Sanger would be pleased to see this memorial ~ although she is sadder to recall that this Victorian entrepreneur died in tragic circumstances; when murdered with a hatchet by a disgruntled employee while spending his retirement years at his home of Park Farm in East Finchley.

He was buried in Margate beside his wife, and one day the VV hopes to find that grave and pay George her respects ~ but she also hopes to find and read the autobiography he wrote in those last few years before his death: Seventy Years a Showman.

What a dreamland he created!


THE VICTORIAN GAME OF FOOTBALL ...

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Woolwich Arsenal Football Team, 1895

The Virtual Victorian loves football, and with the season about to start again it seemed a good enough reason to look back through the mists of history, with many of our modern teams having had their origins in the early 1800s. 

At this time, a dribbling form of the sport (as opposed to the handling game developed at Rugby school) was played at institutions such as Eton, Shrewsbury and Charterhouse. But the rules of the game were varied (sometimes from one half to the other) and fixtures played by the 'old boys' at university, or in the army, often descended into chaos. 


A Corner Kick by Thomas Hemy. 1892
Sunderland v Aston Villa, the two most successful teams of the decade.


However, with a rapidly growing support base, it soon became a necessity to impart some Victorian discipline, which is why, in 1863, the newly formed Football Association drew up its rules and regulations ~ which also proposed using referees to offer protection against the all too frequent violent tackles. Broken bones were far from rare!


Goal! By Thomas Hemy. 1882


Teams were also encouraged to wear more than coloured caps or scarves to identity themselves. By 1872, at the first FA Cup final, The Wanderers donned what must have been a fetching combination of pale pink, cerise, and black. Meanwhile, the Royal Engineers were somewhat more subdued in a manly dark red and navy blue.



The Wanderers, originally known as Forest, in 1863


In truth, working class players at that time could ill afford to buy their kits. Many were fellow workers, such as the founding members of Arsenal FC, who were all employed at the Woolwich Arsenal Armament factory. 

There the team had been inspired by the arrival of two players who came from Nottingham Forest, and fifteen men then volunteered to pay sixpence each to from a club, playing on Plumstead Common and originally known as Dial Square, after one of the factory workshops. 

Soon after this they changing their name to The Woolwich Arsenal. The team colour was decided when the team at Nottingham Forest donated a set of bright red shirts ~ still Arsenal's colour to this day.


Arsenal FC - a  fine and dashing squad of men!
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